Women in the Cuban Revolution Essay Example

Ladies in the Cuban Revolution Essay Over the span of history, numerous upsets have delivered the best results of a nation. The Revolutionary development of Cuba during 1959 was a pathway to autonomy and furthermore a detachment of sexual orientation jobs battled by ladies. This Revolution for Independence is additionally an unrest in the progressions of ladies jobs. Ladies had lawful rights that were secured by law because of the interest in the Revolution of Cuba equivalent codes sex, legitimate privileges, and numerous different rights were made. The Cuban Revolution began in 1959 when a little gathering of guerrillas and urban insurrectionists toppled the fascism of Fulgencio Batista. A change of government modernized Cuba, the redistribution of riches, partition of chapel and state, and the monetary and political influence of chosen Cuban families were changed by the communist Revolution battled by Fidel Castrov. Castrov’s new change in Cuba additionally influenced women’s lives. Castrov said that, â€Å"A individuals whose ladies battle nearby men †that individuals is (sic) strong. the conventional practices of ladies were tested. Pre-Revolutionary ladies had negligible rights; they were exposed by sexual orientation jobs in the Latin American people group. The Revolution influenced all life-parts of the Latin American mainland; in any case, ladies were profoundly influenced by the Revolution. President Batista made the Cuban Constitution of 1940 which restricted the segregation of sex. When Fidel Castr ov started to challenge Batista’s organization, ladies from the center and high societies started to use their abilities and upheld Fiedel Castrov’s developments. We will compose a custom paper test on Women in the Cuban Revolution explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Women in the Cuban Revolution explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Women in the Cuban Revolution explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The ladies utilized their abilities recorded as a hard copy, systems administration, and they were â€Å"selling war bonds and creating rebel garbs, partaking in purposeful publicity work, taking an interest in real life and attacked units in the urban communities, moving arms, and battling in the mountains. † (Randall 1981, 22). The ladies support for Castrov’s developments has extraordinarily expanded patriotism for the individuals of Cuba. â€Å"Cuba should be free and autonomous, and the legislature ought to be gone over to the Cuban individuals. † (McKinley), he backing of ladies in Fidel Castrov’s Revolutionary development in July 26 by the Women’s Marti Civic Front and the perpetual help of The Revolutionary Women’s Union (UFR) established the triumph and pathway of equity for Cuban ladies. Women's activists sorted out gatherings, for example, the UFR where they started a broad way to-entryway battle to raise money and select. Ladies w ere apparently fit for carrying out any responsibility a male can do as of now. A few Women were on the war-fronts battling; they used weapons and shot adversaries. Ladies likewise filled in as attendants and providers to the military, the commitment of ladies range of abilities additionally spoke to the significance and desires for ladies during this time. These ladies changed customary sexual orientation jobs; they partook in the Revolution strategically and militarily. In Havana, Cuba 1959 the primary ladies detachment, Mariana Grajales Brigade, got themselves a triumph in the upset. The ladies battled close by the men and this †gave the vital realities that ladies were significant, the triumph of these ladies ensured a positive change in the various leveled status of sexual orientation. Melba Hernandez, the general of the main ladies detachment states, â€Å"We [the women] of Cuba are revolutionists, we will battle for the correspondence of ladies for our people in the future to come. † In the year 1960, the Federation of Cuban Women was perceived by the Cuban Government, they work to guarantee the insurance of Women’s Rights, and they are activists and lawmakers that despite everything battle for sexual orientation equity. Ladies and men currently share the equivalent lawful qualifications, openings for work, disorder and maternal advantages, government managed savings benefits, and so forth.

Staffing for Global Operations free essay sample

In 21st century, we are seeing a major jump in the globalization of business and with this, the capacity of the executives of an association to work adequately over the social and national fringes is assuming a basic job in business achievement. Staffing the board of worldwide organizations is an intricate issue to the universal human asset the board (IHRM). With this expressed, the announcement, â€Å"Culture is a significant variable for global management† is valid in each sense.Keywords: exile, ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, geocentric ? Acquaintance Culture by and large alludes with examples of human movement and the emblematic structures that give such action importance. Various meanings of â€Å"culture† reflect diverse hypothetical directions for comprehension or models for esteeming human movement. It alludes to a perfect of individual human refinement, of the best that has been thought and said on the planet (Wikipedia. organization). In the executives, culture has a somewhat unique meaning.It can be clarified as a lot of strategies, qualities, convictions, and perspectives learnt and shared by the associations part (Naylor, 2004). We will compose a custom article test on Staffing for Global Operations or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For this venture, I will assess at how various types of the board societies in overseeing auxiliaries, which are found everywhere throughout the world, can impact the turn of events and development of an association in the cutting edge period of globalization. Worldwide Business previously, when individuals discussed global business, it just implies that they sent out their items to different countries.Nowadays, due to the improvement of facilitated commerce, any nations diminish their exchange hindrances request to pull in outside organizations in, to contribute to and drive their residential economy. At whatever point individuals consider universal business, it is not, at this point just exchanging starting with one spot then onto the next †they are thinking as far as globalization. This implies not just having ventures, workplaces and organizations in their own nation, yet having comparably workplaces in various pieces of the world also (Citehr. com). In today’s worldw ide world, most large organizations have their workplaces or business in a wide range of nations. Worldwide ventures frequently have their home office at their nations of origin and all their different workplaces, which may remember workplaces for a similar nation yet not at the central station and those situated in different nations, need to answer to them all the time. Since culture is so not the same as one individual to another and starting with one nation then onto the next, when an association chooses to open an office in an outside nation, they have to choose how they will deal with their representatives in the remote country.Professionals sent a by their organizations to work abroad and has been working and living in a remote nation is called a â€Å"expatriate† (Wikipedia. organization). Organization administrators need to consider what sort of arrangements they should use inside their auxiliaries. There are four principle kinds of staffing for worldwide activities: Ethnocentric, Polycentric, Regiocentric, and Geocentric methodology. Ethnocentric Approach The mean ing of ethnocentric is â€Å"characterized by or dependent on the mentality that one’s own gathering is superior†(Merriam-webster. com, n. d. . Organizations following the ethnocentric methodology accept the nation of origin approach is ideal and that representatives from different pieces of the world can and ought to follow its policies.Local organizations may feel that parent organizations don't confide in them and this may disincentive impact on neighborhood the board resolve and inspirations. Significant expenses, parent organizations need to pay travel, private, pay rates, and other such costs for ostracize workers and by and large, the compensations for exile representatives are a lot higher than pay for somebody neighborhood. After assignments, regularly a drawn out oversea task is quite a while. The companies need to have vital courses of action on where the exiles will go, and what they will do when they finish their assignments.Expatriate will be unable to adjust back to their unique culture as they were away for a really long time (citehr. com). Polycentric Approach Polycentric staffing is a global staffing strategy in which worldwide partnerships treat every auxiliary as a different national substance with some individual dynamic position and recruit have nation nationals as supervisors. This methodology can limit the risks of social nearsightedness, however it can make a hole among home and host-nation tasks (uslegal. com). Organizations use individuals from the nations in which their auxiliaries are situated to fill the board jobs. General choices and arrangements are made by neighborhood auxiliaries, which are reasonable for their nearby surroundings and societies to assist them with achieving their parent company’s objectives. Center vital and useful limits arranging stay at base camp (Marcbowles. com) Advantages of polycentric approach are minimal effort all the positions are enlisted from the nation where the auxiliaries are found. Associations don't need to pay for voyaging and convenience costs for the ostracize and his/her family. Increment acknowledgment. Government and individuals generally acknowledge associations that are eager to utilize from their culture.They perceive this sort of association as genuine members in the neighborhood economy. It likewise shows the business trust in the neighborhood populace. Agreement, since all representatives are likewise from a similar nation, they have comparative culture which can diminish clashes among the work power (Wikipedia. organization) Disadvantages of polycentric approach are: Reduce of control of parent organization, in this sort of staffing, control practice by central command might be lessen. This could set it hard to adjust nearby expectations and worldwide priorities.Different guidelines, every auxiliary have their own strategies, which suit their societies, however the principles will be not the same as to each other. This may prompt challenges in accomplishing the associations universal objectives. Shy of correspondence. Correspondence among base camp and auxiliaries is predominantly simply revealing. Central station may not realize what is really occurring inside the auxiliaries. This may prompt the delay of troublesome neighborhood choices or issues as the nearby offices would attempt to fathom it without anyone else except if it is unavoidable (Wikipedia. rg) Regiocentric Approach Regiocentric approach is a way of thinking of the board whereby the firm attempts to mix its own advantages with those of its auxiliaries on a territorial premise (College of Business Administration, 2007). A worldwide partnership who has a regiocentric approach will partition portions of the world into districts. For instance, a global organization may partition Europe into various areas †Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Every organization may have various meanings of the size of locale, and which nations are in explicit area. An organization who embraces this methodology chooses appropriate administration level work force inside the district where the auxiliary is found. The regiocentric approach can be seen an advancement from ethnocentric or polycentric approach. It is like geocentric methodology, yet is constrained to inside various districts rather than the entire world. A regiocentric administrator can be said to have a perspective on a territorial scale, which could imply that the world outside the area being referred to may be seen with an ethnocentric or polycentric direction, or perhaps a blend of two (marcbowles. om). Favorable circumstances of Regiocentric approach are compelling; staff from the district where the auxiliaries work will be increasingly delicate to provincial needs. All in all, individuals from the locale will more in contact with the requirements and worries of the area and can settle on progressively reasonable choices dependent on this. These necessities and concerns can likewise be conveyed all the more successfully back to the organization central station. Free development, conceivably, there are less troubles in procuring visas and work licenses for staff moving from one piece of the locale to another.This will rely upon the size of the area and the laws overseeing development of individuals starting with one piece of the district then onto the next. Auxiliaries working in Europe as an area should think that its simple to migrate their ostracizes starting with one piece of the district then onto the next without gaining work allows or Visas (ihrm. com). A few disadvantages of Regiocentric approach incorporates significant expense, versatility, social issues, and after assignments. Like on account of ethnocentric methodology, there is a high migration, travel, and settlement costs brought about as staff are moved starting with one piece of the area then onto the next. Versatility, supervisors who situated inside the area despite everything experiences a few troubles adjusting to the method of living in an alternate nation inside the district. For example, individuals from Spain regularly are increasingly laid back, the pace of living and work is more slow. They may discover troubles in working in quick pace London. Social issues despite the fact that the ostracize employee(s) isn't as a long way from home as those with ethnocentric or geocentric business, they despite everything need to stress over how to carry their families with them or how to manage being ceaselessly from them.After assignments, likewise with the ethnocentric methodology, the multinationals need to choose what they will do with the exiles, regardless of whether they will have their unique occupations back, and how well they can adjust to their nation of origin in the wake of being endlessly for some time (ihrm. com). Geocentric Approach A geocentric staffing arrangement looks f or the best individuals for key occupations all through the association, paying little mind to their nationality. This methodology is steady with building a solid bringing together culture and casual manageme

Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in Psychology

Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in Psychology Basics Print Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 17, 2019 Chris Stein/DigitalVision/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming The just noticeable difference (JND), also known as the difference threshold, is the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. For example, if you were asked to hold two objects of different weights, the just noticeable difference would be the minimum weight difference between the two that you could sense half of the time. It is important not to confuse the just noticeable difference and the absolute threshold. While the difference threshold involves the ability to detect differences in stimulation levels, the absolute threshold refers to the smallest detectable level of stimulation. The absolute threshold for sound, for example, would be the lowest volume level that a person could detect. The just noticeable difference would be the smallest change in volume that a person could sense. Development of the Concept The difference threshold was first described by a physiologist and experimental psychologist named Ernst Weber and later expanded upon by psychologist Gustav Fechner. Webers Law, also sometimes known as the Weber-Fechner Law, suggests that the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus. For example, imagine that you presented a sound to a participant and then slowly increased the decibel levels. You had to increase the sound level by 7 decibels before the participant could tell that the volume had increased. In this case, the just noticeable difference would be 7 decibels.  Using this information, you could then use Webers law to predict the just noticeable difference for other sound levels. In reality, the just noticeable difference can vary across trials. This is why the JND is usually determined by conducting multiple trials and then using the smallest levels that participants could detect at least 50 percent of the time. The intensity level of the stimulus can also play a role in how much people notice changes. If a light is very, very dim, people might be more likely to notice smaller changes in intensity than they would if those same changes were made to brighter light. For example, imagine that you are in a dark movie theater. The house lights slowly start to turn on and you immediately notice even a very small change in the light intensity. Afterward, you leave the theater and head outside where the sun is shining brightly. If the same changes in light intensity were made outside, you might be less likely to notice them since the stimulus level is much higher. The just noticeable difference applies to a wide variety of senses including touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight. It can apply to things such as brightness, sweetness, weight, pressure, and noisiness, among other things. Examples   Imagine that you volunteer for a psychology experiment at your school. The researchers ask you to hold two small amounts of sand in each hand. An experimenter slowly adds tiny amounts of sand to one hand and asks you to say when you notice that one hand feels heavier than the other. The smallest weight difference that you can detect at least half the time is the just noticeable difference.You are watching television with your spouse, but the volume is too low to hear. You ask your spouse to turn it up. He presses the volume button twice, but you still cannot tell a difference in the volume. Your spouse presses the button two more times before you are able to notice the increase in volume.You are having a party at your apartment and the neighbor comes over and asks you to turn the music down. You and your guests immediately notice that the music is much quieter, but your neighbor does not notice a difference in the volume because the change is below his difference threshold.You volunt eer for another psychology experiment at your school. This time, the experimenters place small amounts of sugar in a container of water and ask you to drink it. You are asked to say when you notice the sweetness of the water versus the plain water. The smallest level of sweetness you can taste half the time is the difference threshold.

The United States Recent Wars Against Iraq Essay examples

The United States of America fought within the last two decades two major wars against Iraq, which were totally different in their character. On the one hand, in 1990 America conducted Operation Desert Storm to defeat Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait, mainly with traditional also called conventional warfare. On the other hand, Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in 2003, which was after the declared defeat of Saddam Hussein’s military forces a brutal conflict of U.S. forces together with the new government authorities against non-state actors primarily executed through irregular warfare. The economic crisis in 2008 also forced America to reduce its military budget due to a huge national debt, but the global threats remain the same and†¦show more content†¦The NMS highlighted with the description of America’s future force that the human resource, because of its innovation and values, is equally as important as the technological assets, displaying the capabilities, of the U.S. Armed Forces. These definitions and national objectives set the framework for America’s military capabilities in the 21st century. The United States has to maintain the ability to conduct globally irregular and conventional warfare to preserve its status as a superpower and credibility as a reliable partner. Nevertheless, America faced severe constraints for U.S. military forces due to its over $17 trillion national debt and the enacted sequestration. Therefore, a balance and prioritization is necessary to accomplish national strategic objectives, retain military and economic reliability, and solve financial limitations. The portion of conventional warfare was less than 20 percent in the conflicts of the last two centuries. As a result, America should increase its irregular warfare capabilities, which include not only Special Operations Forces (SOF) but also highly trained military personnel. The threats of transnational terrorist organizations like Al-Quaeda a re stillShow MoreRelatedImpact of the Gulf War, September 11th, and the War in Iraq on the U.S. Constitution1083 Words   |  5 Pages The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It was completed on September, 1787, with its adoption by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was later ratified by special conventions in each of the original thirteen states. It created a more unified and defined government in place of what was then a group of free and independent states operating under the Articles of Confederation. During its historyRead MoreEssay on America Should Not Use Military Force in Iraq1357 Words   |  6 Pagesanti-terrorism war in Afghanistan, are we going to fight another war on Iraq? In almost every statement on foreign policy, Bush states his belief on his war against Iraq and depicts Saddam Hussein as â€Å"an evil.† A recent poll showed that â€Å"nearly seven in 10 supported military action to force Saddam Hussein from power (Public Agenda). Before you make your decision, do you think a war after Iraq is justified by International law and US law? Do you know the current situation and the background of Iraq and theRead MoreIt Is Extremely Difficult To Define What Terrorism Is,1204 Words   |  5 Pagesthey attacked in fear. In the years after September 11th 2001 the United States waged a war on Iraq that was described as Operation Iraqi Freedom which was meant to rid Iraq of all weapons of mass destruction and help it rebuild its army. This war ended up not helping Iraq in th e ways that the United States had hoped, instead, the United States’ involvement in Iraq and now Syria has caused a growing distrust in the United States by its own citizens as well as citizens of other countries. OperationRead MoreThe United Kingdom And Iraq During The Invasion Of Iraq1407 Words   |  6 PagesInvasion of Iraq began on 19 March and ended 1 May 2003 with coalition forces the United States and its allies (United Kingdom, Australia and Poland) invading Iraq, called Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United Kingdom Prime Minister at the time, Tony Blair felt that the threat of terrorism from Iraq must be dealt with immediately, with his speech in Texas 2002 saying that the United Kingdom must be prepared to act where weapons of mass destruction and terrorism loom over them. 1 The war ended quicklyRead MoreShould We Have Gone to War in Iraq Persausive Essay768 Words   |  4 Pagesfought in the United States most recent war? This war was called Operation Iraqi Freedo m. Many people have family members that fought in this war, or maybe a neighbor. The Iraq war was started shortly after 9/11 when the United States felt that Iraq leader Saddam Hussein had weapons of Mass Destruction. (WMD’s) With the rumor that Iraq had WMD’s President Bush felt the US military had to go on the offense to assure the safety of the country. With that in mind I agree with going to war in Iraq. Also, SaddamRead MoreThe Realist and Liberalist Perspectives on International Relations and US Policy Stance Toward Iraq1186 Words   |  5 PagesStance Toward Iraq There are two prominent stances in International Relations. The schools of thought are commonly referred to as realist and liberalist. There are various names that they are called, and they can also be split further into subdivisions. However, for the purposes of this question I will just refer to the main schools of thought, and the main aims of both the paradigms. At a first glance at this question, my gut feeling is that the United States aims to achieveRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of the the Iran-Iraq War Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesIran-Iraq War, An Iraqi soldier carrying an AK-47 assault rifle during the Iran-Iraq War. [Credit:  © Jacques Pavlovsky/Corbis](1980–88), prolonged military conflict between Iran and Iraq during the 1980s. Open warfare began on Sept. 22, 1980, when Iraqi armed forces invaded western Iran along the countries’ joint border, though Iraq claimed that the war had begun earlier that month, on September 4, when Iran shelled a number of border posts. Fighting was ended by a 1988 cease-fire, though the resumptionRead MoreThe Global Security And Human Security1544 Words   |  7 Pageshad entered into the Post-Cold War era, traditional conceptions of security had become the global security and human security. The International Government Organizations (IGOs) and United Nations realized that wars and chaos began to be internationalized. And the human security, such as human rights, poverty, and the environment, has received attention gradually by the public. There are many issues that have affected the global security in recent decades. The Iraq war began in 2003, a nd it estimatedRead MoreThe American Response1361 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica’s two most recent wars are the Iraq War and the War on Terror. Both of these wars have accomplished their goals, but come at a great cost. There were quite a few factors in both of these wars that affected international security. First, I will analyze both of the wars and then intertwine them together to show the overall effect they have created on America. Let us look first at the War on Terror. The War on Terror started after the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda attacked America on SeptemberRead MoreThe Iraq War : The United States Invade Iraq1109 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States cannot invade Iraq. After the jarring terrorist attacks on September 11th, the American population’s fear is fueling extremism. After al Qaeda’s hijacking of four planes flown into the World Trade Center and Pentagon, we must act rationally. 3,000 civilians have died. In order to combat terrorism, we must rely on the facts, and prevent the population from being misguided and having irrational thoughts. Neither American interests nor principles are served by forcing regime change

Impact Of Same Sex Parenting On Gender Identity Disorders

RESEARCH PAPER â€Å"Impact of Same-Sex parenting on Gender Identity Disorders in adolescence† INTRODUCTION: Same-sex parenting will always face the two different concepts: one considering it lawful, plain and simple and the other opposing it as a matter of morality. Same-sex couples can never be equivalent to heterosexual couples in terms of legality, outcomes and even children as homosexuals lack the ability to give birth to children due to which they refer to joint adoptions mostly. Many countries do not allow the same-sex marriages to be legal as they are of the view that this will then provide the alternative to the heterosexual marriages which is exactly not the case. Many researchers are of the view that same-sex parenting leads to†¦show more content†¦The huge number of articles and research papers on this topic shows the immense importance of this issue to be discussed and acknowledged in the coming future. DESCRIPTION: Same-sex parenting is taken both in positive and negative sense but even then it is regarded more as a family issue. There is a concept that where lives a same-sex couples, there must be children raised by them. Then it comes to mind that which sort of children? Such children may be divided into three groups: (Kurtz, 2004) †¢ Firstly, the children who are being raised by same-sex couples whether those marriages are available or not. In America, according to 2000 census, almost 594,000 homes are being resided by same-sex couples and around 27 percent of them have children (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003) which accounts for almost 166,000 children. (Bozett, 1993) Such children are directly affected by the same-sex marriage. †¢ Secondly, the children who are not being raised by the same-sex couples instead they are raised by the heterosexual couples or single parents and the effects of such marriages are unclear in these children. The number of such children is greater than the children of first category. †¢ Third class of children is largely affected by the same sex marriages. These effects include coping with the boundary control, non-disclosure, disclosure, selective association, and blending in. (Anderssen, 2002)

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 10~11 Free Essays

string(48) " and again to perform a hand job on the singer\." CHAPTER TEN Safety Clay Demodocus drifted silently down past the tail of the breath-holder, only the quiet hissing of his own breath in his ears. Breath-holders were called such because they hung there in the water for up to forty minutes, heads down like a singer, just holding their breath. Not swimming or singing or doing much of anything else. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 10~11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just hanging there, sometimes three or four of them, tails spread out like the points of a compass. As if someone had just dropped a handful of sleeping whales and forgotten to pick them up. Except they weren’t sleeping. Whales didn’t really sleep, as far as they knew. Well, the theory was that they slept with only half of their brain at a time, while the other half took care of not drowning. For an air-breather, sleeping in the water and not drowning is a big problem. (Go ahead, try it. We’ll wait.) Falling asleep would be so easy with the rebreather, Clay thought. It was very quiet, which was why Clay was using it. Instead of using a tank of air that was exhaled through a regulator into the water as bubbles, the rebreather sent the diver’s exhalation back through a scrubber that took out the carbon dioxide, past some sensors and a tank that added some oxygen, then back to the diver to be rebreathed. No bubbles, which made the rebreather perfect for studying whales (and for sneaking up on enemy ships, which is why the navy had developed it in the first place). Humpbacks used bubble blowing as a means of communication, especially the males, who threatened one another with bubble displays. Consequently it was nearly impossible to get close to a whale with scuba gear, especially a static animal like a singer or a breath-holder. By blowing bubbles the diver was babbling away in whalespeak, without the slightest idea of what he was saying. In the past Clay had dropped on breat h-holders with scuba gear, only to watch the animals swim off before he got within fifty feet of them. He imagined the whales saying, â€Å"Hey, it’s the skinny, retarded kid talking nonsense again. Let’s get out of here.† But this season they’d gotten the rebreather, and Clay was getting his first ever decent footage of a breath-holder. As he drifted by the tail, he checked his gauges, looked up to see Amy snorkeling at the surface, silhouetted in a sunbeam, a small tank strapped on her back ready to come to his rescue should something go wrong. The one big drawback to the rebreather (rather than a fairly simple hose on a tank as in a scuba setup) was that it was a very complex machine, and, should it break, there was a good chance it would kill the diver. (Clay’s experience had taught him that the one thing you could depend on was that something would break.) Around him, except for the whale, was a field of clear blue; below, nothing but blue. Even with great visibility he couldn’t see the bottom, some five hundred feet down. Just past the tail he was at a hundred feet. The navy had tested the rebreather to more than a thousand feet (and since he could theoretically stay down for sixteen hours if he needed to, decompression wasn’t a problem), but Clay was still wary of going too deep. The rebreather wasn’t set to mix gases for a deep dive, so there was still the danger of nitrogen narcosis – a sort of intoxication caused by pressurized nitrogen in the bloodstream. Clay had been narced a couple of times, once while under arctic ice filming beluga whales, and if he hadn’t been tethered to the opening in the ice with a nylon line, he would have drowned. Just a few more feet and he’d be able to sex the breath-holder, something that they hadn’t done more than a few times before, and then it was by crossbow and DNA. The question so far was, are breath-holders all male like singers, and if so, does the breath-holding behavior have something to do with the singing behavior? Clay and Quinn had first come together over the question of sexing singers, some seventeen years before, when DNA testing was so rare as to be nearly nonexistent. â€Å"Can you get under the tail?† Nate had asked. â€Å"Get photos of the genitals?† â€Å"Kinky,† Clay had said. â€Å"Sure, I’ll give it a try.† Of course, except for a few occasions when he was able to hold his breath long enough to get under an animal, about a third of the time, Clay had failed at producing whale porn. Now, with this rebreather†¦ As he drifted below the tail, so close now that even the wide-angle lens could take in only a third of the flukes, Clay noticed some unusual markings on the tail. He looked up from the display just as the whale began to move, but it was too late. The whale twitched, and the massive tail came down on Clay’s head, driving him some twenty feet deeper in an instant. The wash from the flukes tumbled him backward three times before he settled in a slow drift to the bottom, unconscious. As he watched the pseudo-Hawaiian try to kick down to the singing whale for the eighth time, Nathan Quinn thought, This is a rite of passage. Similar things were done to me when I was a grad student. Didn’t Dr. Ryder send me out to get close-up blowhole pictures of a gray whale who had a hideous head cold? Wasn’t I hit by a basketball-size gob of whale snot nearly every time the whale surfaced? And wasn’t I, ultimately, grateful for the opportunity to get out in the field and do some real research? Of course I was. Therefore, I am being neither cruel nor unprofessional by sending this young man down again and again to perform a hand job on the singer. You read "Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 10~11" in category "Essay examples" The radio chirped, signaling a call from the Always Confused. Nate keyed the mike button on the mobile phone/two-way radio they used to communicate between the two boats. â€Å"Go ahead, Clay.† â€Å"Nate, it’s Clair. Clay went down about fifteen minutes ago, but Amy just dove after him with the rescue tank. I don’t know what to do. They’re too deep. I can’t see them. The whale took off, and I can’t see them.† â€Å"Where are you, Clair?† â€Å"Straight out, about two miles off the dump.† Nate grabbed the binoculars and scanned the island, found the dump, looked out from there. He could make out two or three boats in the area. Six or eight minutes away at full throttle. â€Å"Keep looking, Clair. Get ready to drop a hang tank if you have one set up, in case they need to decompress. I’ll be there as soon as I get the kid out of the water.† â€Å"What’s he doing in the water?† â€Å"Just a bad decision on my part. Keep me apprised, Clair. Try to follow Amy’s bubbles if you can find them. You’ll want to be as close to them as you can when they come up.† Nate started the engine just as Kona broke the surface, spitting out the snorkel and taking in a great gasp of air. Kona shook his head, signifying that he hadn’t accomplished the mission. â€Å"Too deep, boss.† â€Å"Come, come, come. To the side.† Nate waved him to the boat. Quinn brought the boat broadside to Kona, then reached over with both hands. â€Å"Come on.† Kona took his hands, and Quinn jerked the surfer over the gunwale. Kona landed in a heap in the bottom of the boat. â€Å"Boss –  » â€Å"Hang on, Clay’s in trouble.† â€Å"But, boss –  » Quinn buried the throttle, yanked the boat around, and cringed at the bunny-in-a-blender screech as the hydrophone cord wrapped around the prop, sheared the prop pin, and chopped itself into a whole package of expensive, waterproof licorice sticks. â€Å"Fuck!† Nate snatched off his baseball cap and whipped it onto the console. The hydrophone sank peacefully to the bottom, bopping the singer on the back as it went. Nate killed the engine and grabbed the radio. â€Å"Clair, are they up yet? I’m not going to be able to get there.† Amy felt as if someone were driving huge ice picks into her eardrums. She pinched her nostrils closed and blew to equalize the pressure, even as she kicked to go deeper, but she was moving too fast to get equalized. She was down fifty feet now. Clay was a hundred feet below her, the pressure would triple before she got there. She felt as if she were swimming through thick, blue honey. She’d seen the whale tail hit Clay and toss him back, but the good news was that she hadn’t seen a cloud of bubbles come up. There was a chance that the regulator had stayed in Clay’s mouth and he was still breathing. Of course, it could also mean that he was dead or that his neck had snapped and he was paralyzed. Whatever his condition, he certainly wasn’t moving voluntarily, just sinking slowly, relentlessly toward the bottom. Amy fought the pressure, the resistance of the water, and did math problems as she kicked deeper. The rescue tank held only a thousand pounds of air, a third of the capacity of a normal tank. She guessed that she’d be at around a hundred and seventy-five to two hundred feet before she caught Clay. That would give her just enough air to get him to the surface without stopping to decompress. Even if Clay was unhurt, there was a good chance he was going to get decompression sickness, the bends, and if he lived through that, he’d spend three or four days in the hyperbaric decompression chamber in Honolulu. Ah, the big palooka is probably dead anyway, she thought, trying to cheer herself up. Although Clay Demodocus had lived a life spiced with adventures, he was not an adventurer. Like Nate, he did not seek danger, risk, or fulfillment by testing his mettle against nature. He sought calm weather, gentle seas, comfortable accommodations, kind and loyal people, and safety, and it was only for the work that he compromised any of those goals. The last to go, the least compromised, was safety. The loss of his father, a hard-helmet sponge diver, had taught him that. The old man was just touching bottom at eight hundred feet when a drunken deck hand dragged his ass across the engine start button, causing the prop to cut his father’s air line. The pressure immediately drove Papa Demodocus’s entire body into the bronze helmet, leaving only his weighted shoes showing, and it was in his great helmet that he was lowered into the grave. Little Clay (Cleandros in those days in Greece) was only five at the time, and that last vision of his father haunted him for years. He never did see a Marvin the Martian cartoon – that great goofy helmet body riding cartoon shoes – when he did not have to fight a tear and sniffle for Papa. As Clay drifted down into the briny blue, he saw a bright light and a dark shape waiting there on the other side. Out of the light came a short but familiar figure. The face was still dark, but Clay knew the voice, even after so many years. â€Å"Welcome, Earth Being,† said the vacuum-packed Greek. â€Å"Papa,† said Clay. Clair dragged the heavy tank out of the Always Confused’s bait well and tried to attach the regulator in order to hang it off a line for Amy and Clay to breathe from so they could decompress before coming up. Clay had shown her how to do this a dozen times, but she had never paid attention. It was his job to put the technothingies together. She didn’t need to know this stuff. It wasn’t as if she was ever going to go diving without him. She’d let him drone on about safety this and life-threatening that while she applied her attention to putting on sunscreen or braiding her hair so it wouldn’t tangle in the equipment. Now she was blinking back tears and cursing herself for not having listened. When she thought she finally might have the regulator screwed on correctly, she grabbed it and dragged the tank to the side of the boat. The regulator came off in her hands. â€Å"Goddamn it!† She snatched the radio and keyed the mike. â€Å"Nate, I need some help here.† â€Å"Go ahead, sistah,† came back. â€Å"He be in the briny blue, fixing the propeller.† â€Å"Kona, do you know how a regulator goes on a scuba tank?† â€Å"Yah mon, you got to keep the bowl above the water or your herb get wet and won’t take the fire.† Clair took a deep breath and fought back a sob. â€Å"See if you can put Nate on.† Back on the Constantly Baffled, Nate was in the water with snorkel and fins fighting the weight of half a dozen wrenches and sockets he’d put in the pockets of his cargo shorts. He almost had the propeller off the boat. With luck he could install the shear pin and be up and running in a couple of minutes. It wasn’t a complex procedure. It had just been made a lot trickier when Nate found that he couldn’t reach the prop to work on it from inside the boat. Then, suddenly, his air supply was cut off. He kicked up, spit the snorkel out of his mouth, and found himself staring Kona right in the face. The fake Hawaiian hung over the back of the boat, his thumb covering the end of Nate’s snorkel, his other hand holding the radio, which he’d let slip halfway underwater. â€Å"Call for you, boss.† Nate gasped and snatched the receiver out of Kona’s hand – held it up out of the water. â€Å"What in the hell are you doing? That’s not waterproof.† He tried to sling the water out of the cell phone and keyed the mike. â€Å"Clair! Can you hear me?† No sound, not even static. â€Å"But it’s yellow,† said Kona, as if that explained everything. â€Å"I can see it’s yellow. What did Clair say? Is Clay all right?† â€Å"She wanted to know how to put the regulator on the tank. You have to keep the bowl above the water, I tell her.† â€Å"It’s not a bong, you idiot. It’s a real scuba tank. Help me out.† Nate handed up his fins, then stepped on the trim planes on the stern and pulled himself into the boat. At the console he turned on the marine radio and started calling. â€Å"Clair, you listening? This is the Constantly Baffled calling the Always Confused. Clair, are you there?† â€Å"Constantly Baffled,† cut in a stern, official-sounding male voice, â€Å"this is the Department of Conservation and Resources Enforcement. Are you displaying your permit flag?† â€Å"Conservation, we have an emergency situation, a diver in trouble off our other boat. I’m dead in the water with a broken shear pin. The other boat is roughly two miles off the dump.† â€Å"Constantly Baffled, why are you not displaying your permit flag?† â€Å"Because I forgot to put the damn thing up. We have two divers in the water, both possibly in trouble, and the woman on board is unable to put together a hang tank.† Nate looked around. He could see the whale cops’ boat about a thousand yards to the west toward Lanai. They were alongside another boat. Nate could see the familiar figure of the Count standing in the bow, looming there like doom in an Easter bonnet. Bastard! â€Å"Constantly Baffled, hold there, we are coming to you.† â€Å"Don’t come to me. I’m not going anywhere. Go to the other boat. Repeat, they have an emergency situation and are not responding to marine radio.† The Conservation Enforcement boat lifted up in the water under the power of two 125-horse Honda outboards and beelined toward them. â€Å"Fuck!† Nate dropped the mike and started to shake, a shiver born not of temperature, as it was eighty degrees on the channel, but out of frustration and fear. What had happened to Clay to prompt Amy to go to his rescue? Maybe she had misjudged the situation and gone down needlessly. She didn’t have much experience in the water, or at least he didn’t think she had. But if things were okay, then why weren’t they up†¦? â€Å"Kona, did Clair say whether she could see Amy and Clay? â€Å"No, boss, she just wanted to know about the regulator.† Kona sat down in the bottom of the boat and hung his head between his knees. â€Å"I’m sorry, boss. I thought if it was yellow, it could go in the water. I didn’t know. It slipped.† Nate wanted to tell the kid it was all right, but he didn’t like lying to people. â€Å"Clay put you on the research permit, right, Kona? You remember signing a paper with a lot of names on it?† â€Å"No, mon. That five-oh coming up now?† â€Å"Yeah, whale cops. And if Clay didn’t put you on the permit, you’re going to be going home with them.† CHAPTER ELEVEN The Mermaid and the Martian The depth gauge read two hundred feet by the time Amy finally snagged the top of Clay’s rebreather and pulled herself down to where she was looking into his mask. If it weren’t for a small trail of blood streaming from his scalp, making him look like he was leaking black motor oil into the blue, he might have been sleeping, and she smiled in spite of herself. The sea dog survives. Somehow – maybe through years of conditioning his reflexes to keep his mouth shut – Clay had bitten down on the mouthpiece of the rebreather. He was breathing steadily. She could hear the hiss of the apparatus. She wasn’t sure that Clay’s mouthpiece would stay in all the way to the surface, and, if it came out, the photographer would surely drown, even if she replaced it quickly. Unlike a normal scuba regulator, which was frightfully easy to purge, you couldn’t let water get into a rebreather or it could foul the carbon-dioxide scrubbers and render the device useless. And she’d need both her hands for the swim up. One to hold on to Clay and one to vent air from his buoyancy-control vest, which would fill with air as they rose, causing them both to shoot to the surface and get the bends. (Amy wasn’t wearing a BC vest or a wet suit; she wasn’t supposed to have needed them.) After wasting a precious thirty seconds of air to consider the problem, she took off her bikini top and wrapped it around Clay’s head to secure his mouthpiece. Then she hooked her hand into his buoyancy vest and started the slow kick to the surface. At a hundred and fifty feet she made the mistake of looking up. The surface might have been a mile away. Then she checked her watch and pulled up Clay’s arm so she could see the dive computer on his wrist. Already the liquid-crystal readout was blinking, telling her that Clay needed two decompression stops on the way up. One at fifty feet and one at twenty, from ten to fifteen minutes each. With his rebreather he’d have plenty of air. Amy wasn’t wearing a dive computer, but by ball-parking it from her pressure gauge, she figured she had between five and ten minutes of air left. She was about half an hour short. Well, this is going to be awkward, she thought. The whale cops wore light blue uniform shirts with shorts and aviator-style mirrored sunglasses that looked as if they’d been surgically set into their faces. They were both in their thirties and had spent some time in the gym, although one was heavier and had rolled up his short sleeves to let his grapefruit biceps breathe. The other was thin and wiry. They brought their boat alongside Nate’s and threw over a bumper to keep the boats from rubbing together in the waves. â€Å"Howzit, bruddahs!† Kona said. â€Å"Not now,† Nate whispered. â€Å"I need to see your permit,† said the heavier cop. Nate had pulled a plastic envelope out from under the console as they approached. They went through this several times a year. He handed it over to the cop, who took out the document and unfolded it. â€Å"I’ll need both of your IDs.† â€Å"Come on,† Nate said, handing over his driver’s license. â€Å"You guys know me. Look, we’ve sheared a pin and there’s a diver emergency on our other boat.† â€Å"You want us to call the Coast Guard?† â€Å"No, I want you to take us over there.† â€Å"That’s not what we do, Dr. Quinn,† said the thin cop, looking up from the permit. â€Å"The Coast Guard is equipped for emergencies. We are not.† â€Å"Dis haole, lolo pela, him,† said Kona. (Meaning, he’s just a dumb white guy.) â€Å"Don’t talk that shit to me,† said the heavier cop. â€Å"You want to speak Hawaiian, I’ll talk to you in Hawaiian, but don’t talk that pidgin shit to me. Now, where’s your ID?† â€Å"Back at my cabin.† â€Å"Dr. Quinn, your people need to have ID at all times on a research vessel, you know that.† â€Å"He’s new.† â€Å"What’s your name, kid?† â€Å"Pelekekona Keohokalole,† said Kona. The cop took off his sunglasses – for the first time ever, Nate thought. He looked at Kona. â€Å"You’re not on the permit.† â€Å"Try Preston Applebaum,† said Kona. â€Å"Are you trying to fuck with me?† â€Å"He is,† said Nate. â€Å"Just take him in, and on the way take me to our other boat.† â€Å"I think we’ll tow both of you in and deal with the permit issues when we get into harbor.† Suddenly, amid the static of the marine radio on in the background, Clair’s voice: â€Å"Nate, are you there? I lost Amy’s bubbles. I can’t see her bubbles. I need help here! Nate! Anyone!† Nate looked at the whale cop, who looked at his partner, who looked away. Kona jumped up on the gunwale of the police boat and leaned into the wiry cop’s face. â€Å"Can we do the territorial macho power trip after we get our divers out of the water, or do you have to kill two people to show us how big your fucking dicks are?† Clair ran around the boat searching for Amy’s bubble trail, hoping she was just missing it, had lost it in the waves – hoping that it was still there. She looked at the hang tank sitting in the floor of the boat, still unattached to the regulator, then ran back to the radios, keying both the marine radio and the cell-phone radio and trying not to scream. â€Å"SOS here. Please, I’m a couple of miles off the dump, I have divers down, in trouble.† The harbormaster at Lahaina came back, said he’d send someone, and then a dive boat who was out at the lava cathedrals at Lanai said they had to get their divers out of the water but could be there in thirty minutes. Then Nathan Quinn came back. â€Å"Clair, this is Nate. I’m on the way. How long ago did the bubbles stop?† â€Å"Clair checked her watch. Four, five minutes ago.† â€Å"Can you see them?† â€Å"No, nothing. Amy went deep, Nate. I watched her go down until she disappeared.† â€Å"Do you have hang tanks in the water?† â€Å"No, I can’t get the damn regulators on. Clay always did it.† â€Å"Just tie off the tanks and tie the regulators to the tanks and get them over the side. Amy and Clay can hook them up if they get to them.† â€Å"How deep? I have three tanks.† â€Å"Ninety, sixty, and thirty. Just get them in the water, Clair. We’ll worry about exact depth when I get there. Just hang them so they can find them. Tie glow sticks on them if you have any. Should be there in five minutes. We can see you.† Clair started tying the plastic line around the necks of the heavy scuba tanks. Every few seconds she scanned the waves for signs of Amy’s bubbles, but there weren’t any. Nate had said â€Å"If they get to them.† She blinked away tears and concentrated on her knots. If? Well if Clay made it back – when he made it back – he could damn sure get himself a safer job. Her man wasn’t going to drown hundreds of feet under the ocean, because from now on he was going to be taking pictures of weddings or bar mitzvahs or kids at JC Penney’s or some goddamn thing on dry land. Across the channel, near the shore of Kahoolawe, the target island, Libby Quinn had been following the exchange between Clair and Nate over the marine radio. Without being asked, her partner, Margaret, said, â€Å"We don’t have any diving equipment on board. That deep, there’s not much we could do.† â€Å"Clay’s immortal anyway,† said Libby, trying to sound more blas than she felt. â€Å"He’ll come up yammering about what great footage he got.† â€Å"Call them, offer our help,† the older woman said. â€Å"If we deny our instincts as caretakers, we deny ourselves as women.† â€Å"Oh, fuck off, Margaret! I’m calling to offer our help because it’s the right thing to do.† Meanwhile, on the ocean side of Kahoolawe, Cliff Hyland was sitting in the makeshift lab belowdecks in the cabin cruiser, headphones on, watching an oscilloscope readout, when one of his grad students came into the cabin and grabbed him by the shoulder. â€Å"Sounds like Nathan Quinn’s group is in trouble,† said the girl, a sun-baked brunette wearing zinc-oxide war paint on her nose and cheeks and a hat the size of a garbage-can lid. Hyland pulled up the headphones. â€Å"What? Who? Fire? Sinking? What?† â€Å"They’ve lost two divers. That photographer guy Clay and that pale girl.† â€Å"Where are they?† â€Å"About two miles off the dump. They’re not asking for help. I just thought you should know.† â€Å"That’s a ways. Start reeling in the array. We can be there in a half hour maybe.† Just then Captain Tarwater came down the steps into the cabin. â€Å"Stay that order, grommet. Stay on mission. We have a survey to finish today – and a charge to record.† â€Å"Those guys are friends of mine,† Hyland said. â€Å"I’ve been monitoring the situation, Dr. Hyland. Our presence has not been requested, and, frankly, there is nothing this vessel could do to help. It sounds like they’ve lost some divers. It happens.† â€Å"This isn’t war, Tarwater. We don’t just lose people.† â€Å"Stay on mission. Any setback in Quinn’s operation can only benefit this project.† â€Å"You asshole,† Hyland said. Back in the channel, the Count stood in the bow of the big Zodiac and watched as the Conservation and Resources Enforcement boat towed away the Constantly Baffled. He turned to his three researchers, who were trying to look busy in back of the boat. â€Å"Let that be a lesson to you all. The key to good science is making sure all the paperwork is in order. Now you can see why I’m such a stickler for you people having your IDs with you every morning.† â€Å"Yeah, in case some other researcher rats us out to the Conservation and Resources cops,† one woman said. â€Å"Science is a competitive sport, Ms. Wextler. If you’re not willing to compete, you’re welcome to take your undergrad degree and go baby-sit seasick tourists on a whale-watching boat. Nathan Quinn has attacked the credibility of this organization in the past. It’s only fair play that I point out when he is not working within the rules of the sanctuary.† The ocean breeze carried the junior researchers’ under-the-breath whispers of  «asshole » away from the ears of Gilbert Box, over the channel to wash against the cliffs of Molokai. Nate wrapped his arms around Clair and held her as she sobbed. As the downtime passed the first half hour, Nate felt a ball of fear, dread, and nausea forming in his own stomach. Only by trying to stay busy looking for signs of Clay and Amy was he able to keep from being ill. When Amy’s downtime passed forty-five minutes, Clair started to sob. Clay might have been able to stay down that long with the re-breather, but with only the tiny rescue tank, there was no way Amy could still be breathing. Two divemasters from a nearby tour boat had already used up a full tank each searching. The problem was, in blue water it was a three-dimensional search. Rescue searches were usually done on the bottom, but not when it was six hundred feet down. With the currents in the channel†¦ well, the search was little more than a gesture anyway. Being a scientist, Nate liked true things, so after an hour he stopped telling Clair that everything was going to be all right. He didn’t believe it, and grief was already descending on him like a flight of black arrows. In the past, when he had experienced loss or trauma or heartbreak, some survival mechanism had kicked in and allowed him to function for months before he’d actually begin feeling the pain, but this time it was immediate and deep and devastating. His best friend was dead. The woman that he – Well, he wasn’t exactly sure what he’d felt about Amy, but even when he looked past the sexuality, the differences in their ages and positions, he liked her. He liked her a lot, and he’d become used to her presence after only a few weeks. One of the divers came up near the boat and spit out his regulator. â€Å"There’s nowhere to look. It’s just blue to fucking infinity.† â€Å"Yeah,† Nate said. â€Å"I know.† Clay saw blue-green breasts gently bobbing before his face and was convinced that he had, indeed, drowned. He felt himself being pulled upward and so closed his eyes and surrendered. â€Å"No, no, no, son,† said Papa. â€Å"You’re not in heaven. The tits are not blue in heaven. You are still alive.† Papa’s face was very much smashed against the glass of his helmet, wearing the sort of expression he might have had if he’d run full speed into a bulletproof window and someone had snapped a picture at maximum mash, yet Clay could see that his eyes were smiling. â€Å"My little Cleandros, you know it is not time for you to join me?† Clay nodded. â€Å"And when it comes time for you to join me, it should be because you are old and tired and ready to go, not because the sea is wanting to crush you.† Clay nodded again, then opened his eyes. This time there was a stabbing pain in his head, but he squinted through it to see Amy’s face through her dive mask. She held his regulator in his mouth and was gripping the back of his head to make him look at her. When she was sure that he was conscious and knew where he was, she gave him the okay signal and waited until he returned it. Amy then let go of Clay’s regulator, and they swam slowly upward, to surface four hundred yards from where they’d first submerged. Clay immediately looked around for the boat and found nothing where he expected it, the closest vessels being a group of boats too far away to be the Always Confused. He checked his dive computer. He’d been down for an hour and fifteen minutes. That couldn’t be right. â€Å"That’s them,† Amy said. She looked down into the water. â€Å"Oops. Let me get my top off of your face.† â€Å"Okay,† Clay mumbled into the rebreather. Kona was in tears, wailing like Bob Marley in a bear trap – inconsolable. â€Å"Clay gone. The Snowy Biscuit gone. And I was going to poke squid with her, too.† â€Å"You were not,† said Nate. But the artificial Hawaiian didn’t hear. â€Å"There!† Kona shouted as he leaped onto the shoulders of the stocky whale cop to get a better view. â€Å"It’s the white wahine! Praise to Jah! Thanks be to His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie. Go there, Sheriff. A saving be needed.† â€Å"Handcuff this kid,† said the cop. How to cite Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 10~11, Essay examples

Propanol and Butanol Essay Example

Propanol and Butanol Paper To investigate and compare the relationships between the amounts of energy released from different alcohols in the alcohol series. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Alcohols are a series of organic homologous compounds with the general formula of C(n) H(2n+1) OH. They gain their properties, which are different to those of other compounds in the homologous series due to the OH bonded to the Carbon. The 4 simplest alcohols are Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol and Butanol. Each alcohol has one more carbon and two more hydrogens than the previous one. When alcohols are heated to react in a copious supply of oxygen they undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is an exothermic one and produces a flame emitting light and thermal energy. This is because the energy put into the alcohol to break the bonds is less than the energy given out by new bonds forming. Therefore, different alcohols release different amounts of energy. The diagrams and calculations on the following sheets show the theoretical energy release of each alcohol using the bond energy values below. BOND TYPE BOND ENERGY (KJ/mol) 0-H 463 C-H 412 C-O 360 C=O. We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 805 (Carbon dioxide) O=O 496 C-C 348 The calculations show that: (the negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light) ALCOHOL ENERGY RELEASED (KJ/mol)) Methanol -659 Ethanol -1279 Propan-1-ol -1899 Butan-1-ol -2519 The negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light as an exothermic reaction. The graph shows that as the length of alcohol chains increases the energy released by combustion will also increase directly proportionally. This is shown by the straight line passing through the origin on the graph on page 6. This is because the longer chains have give out more energy from the bonds formed in the products than the energy that went in to break the extra carbon and 2 hydrogen bonds. During this investigation I will be using propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol. The 1 refers to the structure of the compound, as Propanol and Butanol are capable of having more than one structure but share the same molecular formula. This is important as other isomers will release different levels of energy due to the different arrangement of bonds. PREDICTION The evidence given previously states that the longer the chain of the molecules the more energy it will release. Therefore I expect Methanol to give of the least energy and Butan-1ol to release the most amount of energy. This is due to the enrrgy of the products in Butanol being higher than the energy in Methanol. My graph should look the same as the one on the previous page for the theoretical energy release values. However, I will expect my results to show a lower level of energy release because not all of the energy will go into heating the water. Some of the heat will be lost by being blown away and some energy will take the form of light. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. How high do I place the calorimeter above the burner? I found that a decent sized flame was 4cm and therefore I clamped the calorimeter 7cm above the top of the burner. This allowed for the flame to burn freely without the bottom of the calorimeter interfering with the combustion and making it unfair. How large should the flame be? Although the size of the flame will not effct the results diretly because the rate at which the alcohol burns is irrelevant due to the fat that the change in mass is also measured. However, the size of the flame can make the results inaccurate in other ways. I found that the small flames flickered to much and did not produce a constant enough source of heat. However, I also found that the large flames were blown around a lot by the slightest of drafts and therefore the heat was not always being transferred into the calorimeter. I decided that 4cm was a good height to use as it was not affected by the drafts too much and did not flicker.   How much water do I fill the calorimeter with? The amount of water in the calorimeter needs to be a sensible amount as too much will not heat up enough to be recorded accurately and too little will heat up so much it boils and the results are useless. Therefore I decided to use 70cmi (70g) of distilled water as it was heated up enough to be recorded acuratly but did not boil.   How often do I stir the calorimeter? The calorimeter needs to be stirred so that the water is moved around and uniform heating occurs. Uniform heating means that all the water is the same temperature and not just the bottom of the water is heated. Uniform heating make results more accurate. I decided to plunge the stirring wire down and up once every 5 seconds in order to mix the water.   How long do I heat the calorimeter for?