Questions On Financial Earnings Management - 1758 Words

Prior studies (e.g., Burgstahler and Dichev 1997; Degeorge, Patel and Zeckhauser 1999) identify three earnings thresholds managers seek to achieve when they report financial statements: avoiding negative earnings, avoiding earnings declines, and avoiding negative earnings surprises. A large number of studies use these three earnings thresholds to test earnings management in various research settings. This dissertation investigates another potential earnings management threshold, peer performance, which has been largely ignored in the extant literature. Both Burgstahler and Dichev (1997) and Degeorge et al. (1999) explain threshold-driven earnings management behavior by referring to the prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky 1979), which suggests that for a given increase in wealth, the corresponding increase in value is the greatest when the increase in wealth moves from negative to positive territory relative to a reference point (viz., zero earnings, zero change in earnings or zero forecast error). While they do not specifically explain the formulation of reference points or the usage of other reference points beyond those extensively investigated three earnings thresholds, they imply the existence of other reference points (Burgstahler and Dichev 1997), ). and They also suggest that if other reference points are used either by corporate boards or investors, and if those reference points are reflected in the executives’ reward schedulesor compensation contracts, executivesShow MoreRelatedSatyam Scandal1623 Words   |  7 PagesSATYAM SCANDAL I. Analyze the case and respond to the following questions: (a) Discuss the earnings management techniques employed by the management of Satyam. In this case of Satyam, I can conclude that the obvious technique employed by the said management are: 1. â€Å"Big Bet on The Future†. When an acquisition occurs, the company acquiring the other is said to have made a big bet on the future. As refer to this case, Ramalingam Raju the Chairman of Satyam Computer Services LtdRead MoreEthics in Earnings Management Essays1320 Words   |  6 Pagesconcern. With that goal in mind, management must continually report sustained or improved earnings to stakeholders to ensure constant and new investments in the company’s future (Geiger van der Laan Smith, 2010). The pressure to report positive results can lead management to engage in earnings management activities to alter short-term results to meet the goals set forth (Geiger van der Laan Smith, 2010). In addition to the pressures on company management, broad accounting principles introduceRead MoreResearching Topics Of Interest Is A Key Starting Point For The Research Effort1538 Words   |  7 Pages By performing a complete research effort this will allow me to gain the necessary information to effectively ans wer the research questions, resolve the research problem, and meet the purpose of the research (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). The following sections include the formulation of potential topic areas of interest for my doctoral level research. Earnings Management: An Examination of Ethical Implications, Fraud, and the Related Impacts to Stakeholder Interests The first topic area involves anRead MoreEthics And Financial Reporting Decisions948 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of CFOs’ Incentives and Earnings Management Ethics on their Financial Reporting Decisions: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement. The key of the abstract is demonstrate how CFO’s personal incentives, interests of stakeholders, and regulatory reforms influence on earnings management ethics (p. 505). The authors focus on the role of CFO’s optional accruals through the presence and absence of incentive conflict. Introduction. The authors studied the earnings management and its manipulation techniquesRead MoreExploring The Earnings Management Techniques, Materiality Concept, And Ethical Judgments817 Words   |  4 PagesReporting by Financial Executives. The abstract demonstrates how the materially affects a code of ethics and follows with financial risks and fraudulent activities (p. 243). Introduction. The author studies the financial reporting, earnings management, and relationships with stakeholders. Over the years, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) raised concerns on the reliability of financial reporting and fairness of earnings management. The reasonRead MoreEthics And Management : Ethical Considerations By Observers Of Earnings Management909 Words   |  4 PagesJudgments by Observers of Earnings Management. The abstract emphasizes that the earning management is the major ethical issues in accounting. Regulators and investors examine professional judgment through legal books (p. 285). Introduction. The author studies accounting methods, earnings management, and financial reporting to examine the ethicalness of judgments. Management’s ethics play a key role in earnings management activities and financial reporting. The researcher questions if the accounting professionRead MoreContemporary Issues Of Accounting : Take Home Final Exam1179 Words   |  5 Pagescookie jar reserves to smooth earnings by creating excessive reserves in good periods so that they can use them to offset losses in bad periods. In order to determine whether this practice is considered an ethical violation or not, an ethical decision model should be used. Graham Tucker offers five-question approach for ethical decision-making. The model can be used to examine and challenge a proposed decision in order to reach a clear decision. All of the five questions should be asked to considerRead MoreEssay Acct31021063 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion | ONE Accountants owe the duty to act in a professional and ethical manner concerning clients, as well an obligation to respect the laws that are involved with the profession. This is where a crossroads of ethics and legalities are formed and potentially the defining point of crucial decision-making. Stephen Richards and his actions under employment with Computer Associates (CA) are then examined in light of this concept. Accusations against Stephen Richards permitting the backdatingRead MoreFraud Cases have Put Earnings Management back in the Spotlight778 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough earnings management is not a new phenomenon, the emerging of the fraud cases such as Enron, Lehman Brothers, and other instances of financial fraud have again put this topic in the spotlight. Emerging concerns over earnings management have led to new disclosure requirements and the implementation of corporate good governance codes such as the Sarabanes Oxly Act (SOX), tabaksblat and other corporate good governance codes to reduce this phenomenon within firms. The role of financial reportingRead MoreThe Internal Assessment1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Internal Assessment focuses on identifying and evaluating a firm’s strengths and weaknesses in the functional areas of business, including: management, marketing, finance, production, research and development, computer information systems. There are many subareas inside these functions, such as customer service, warranties, advertising, packaging, and pricing under marketing. The functional business areas differ for different types of organizations, such as hospitals, universities, government

Impact Of Inductive Bible Study Method On Christians

IMPACT OF INDUCTIVE BIBLE STUDY METHOD ON CHRISTIANS; A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA FELLOWSHIP OF EVANGELICAL STUDENTS (NIFES), UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE MAKURDI. TIZA MICHAEL –Post Graduate Student, Masters of Ministry, Bible University. Canada. Email - tizamichael@gmail.com OKORODE JEREMIAH- Training Secretary, Nigeria Fellowship of Evangelical Students (NIFES) Makurdi Zone. Email - jerrokk121@gmail.com ABSTRACT This research work is geared at attempting to point out the impact of inductive bible study on Christians using NIFES group in University of Agriculture as a typical case study, this work was done with the use of questionnaires, primary data was collected from the field, analysed, interpreted and discussed in the content of this work. The total number of questionnaire received were 128. The data was received from Nigeria fellowship of evangelical students (NIFES) University of Agriculture Makurdi. The result shows that at least 58% of the students study their bibles at least once in a day, 37% twice or more a day and 5% do not study at all. At least 44% verify what they hear from bible discussions, about 34% have never heard of inductive Bible study, about 30% of those who had heard before heard in NIFES weekly fellowship meetings, 27% heard from special programmes organised by NIFES and 9% heard from their local churches. According to the results, 65% study their Bibles inductivel y,87% affirmed they get inspiration from Inductive Bible study while 83% showed theyShow MoreRelatedTypes of Evangelism1218 Words   |  5 Pagesevangelism including mass evangelism, personal evangelism, evangelistic preaching, literature evangelism, church evangelistic crusades, evangelistic counseling, radio and television programs, entertainment, Sunday school evangelism, and evangelistic bible study. By mass evangelism is meant the preaching of the message in open-air meetings or in very large gatherings. The first mass meetings are described in the New Testament as occurring spontaneously. Since the time of the Reformation open-air meetingsRead MoreThe Impact of Christianity on Western Civilization4850 Words   |  20 PagesWestern Civilization despite a long standing ignorance or adamant denial of its contributions. The Bible itself is responsible for much of the language, literature, and fine arts we enjoy today as its artists and composers were heavily influenced by its w ritings. Paul Maier, in writing the forward to the book How Christianity Changed the World by Alvin J. Schmidt, says this about the profound impact Christianity has had on the development of Western Civilization: â€Å"No other religion, philosophy, teachingRead MoreRole Experience Has Played Over Past Centuries1611 Words   |  7 PagesWarford Fall 2013 Experience played an important role in the development of theology through the centuries from the early years of Plato and Aristotle with their ideas of idealism and realism to Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who believed in a method of inductive logic. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) allowed science and theology to each have their own sovereign realm. Conflicting ideas between science and religion began to develop during the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century people beganRead MoreEssay on Jewish Philosophers on Reason and Revelation3654 Words   |  15 Pagesirrationalistic approach. Maimonides (1135-1204) is recognized as one of the greatest physicians of his time, practically and theoretically. His code serves as the most important systematic arrangement of talmudic law and his philosophy has had enormous impact not only on Jewish thought, but also on scholastic theology and European philosophy in modern times.(10) Here I only refer to one theme of Maimonides rationalistic approach, namely his definition of prophecy and revelation, which is spelled out inRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.................................................................... 398 Exercises .......................................................................................................................................... 398 CHAPTER 13 Inductive Reasoning ........................................................................................... 409 Generalizing from a Sample .............................................................................................................Read MoreWord Repetition in the Quran: Translating Form or Meaning?8238 Words   |  33 Pagesproblems in translating a text from one language to another are legion. For example, it is quite common to find western critics referring to what they claim to be incoherence, inconsistency or lack of harmony in the Qur’anic style (c.f. Hyde Park Christian Fellowship [1] and Ghoneim [2]). Such views ignore the fact that: Ù ¡Ã™ § Ù ¡Ã™ ¨ Ahmed Ali * it is both inconceivable and impossible to judge one language according to the rules of another; * what might be considered elegant style, or legitimateRead MoreInstructive Text Types11631 Words   |  47 Pagesare systemisation and classification on language sample. In 1972, a colloquium on text types was held at the University of Bielefeld, Germany. Attempts to apply or convert traditional linguistic methods failed to meet the special needs of a typology of texts. From the early decades of linguistics’ studies, authors have classified texts in various ways. In this chapter I will present some of the classifications I came across in my readings. Firstly, it must be mentioned that each author had usedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from otherRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesseverity of obsessive and compulsive symptoms. Dr. Clark has received a number of research grants to study the cognitive basis of emotional disorders, the most recent being a Canadian federal grant to investigate intentional control of unwanted intrusive thoughts. He is also a founding member of the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, an international research group devoted to the study of the cognitive aspects of OCD, and the past Associate Editor of Cognitive Therapy and Research.

Personal name Free Essays

They should contain your name and position title, contact number, email address and website address. If possible, your business name, logo and services or products also should be listed. It is common practice to have a double-sided card in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal name or any similar topic only for you Order Now K. With the business details on the front and the personal contact details on the back 2. Shaking hands Shaking hands is a common form of greeting A handshake Is standard for business occasions and when visiting a home. Women do not always shake hands. In business, a light handshake Is standard. When vaulting a home, a handshake Is proper; however, a handshake Is not always correct at social occasions. Observe what others do. In the UK it is usually a single right hand that does the shaking. Very few people shake with their left hand and it is deemed rude to offer your hand without taking your glove off first. 3. Bowing 4. Kissing 5. Being formal or informal 6. Punctuality Punctuality is paramount. You should always arrive for an appointment/meeting on time, maybe even five minutes early. If you are going to be late, telephone and give a time when you expect you will arrive. 7. Humor Do not make jokes about the royal family. 8. Eye contact The British often do not look at the other person while they talk. Maintain eye contact during the greeting. 9. Socializing with contacts The best way to make contact with senior executives is through a third party. It is not appropriate to have this same third party Intervene later If problems arise. While business dinners are becoming less common, business breakfasts are gaining In popularity. Work Is often discussed during business breakfasts and lunches, although these can also be used as an opportunity for general small talk to get to now your colleagues better and build up a good working relationship Meetings usually open with a fair amount of small talks, in order to create a warm, positive climate conducive to working well together. They last within 5-10 minutes before meetings Animals are usually a good topic of conversation. 11 . Accepting interruption 12. Giving presents Giving gifts in a business setting is not very common. When they are given, thank you gifts are usually small symbolic items such as diaries, pens, champagne, etc. Gifts should not seem inappropriately expensive. Also, gifts are usually given at the conclusion of something, such as a project, to mark the occasion or as a thank you. Rather than giving gifts, it is preferable to invite your hosts out for a meal or a show. When you are invited to an English home, you may bring flowers (not white lilies, which signify death), liquor or champagne, and chocolates. Send a brief, handwritten thank- you note promptly afterward, preferably by mail or e-mail-?not by messenger. When bringing flowers, consult with the florist about the appropriate type and umber. 13. Being direct (saying exactly what you think) 14. Using first name When greeting people in the I-J, wait to use first names until the other person uses yours or asks you to call them by their first name. The response you give to an introduction should have the same level of formality as the introduction itself. However, British business etiquette is becoming more informal and first names are often used right away The use of first names is becoming more common. However, you should follow the initiative of your host. How to cite Personal name, Papers

The current law on the establishment and regulation of a co-ownership interest in land is unsatisfactory.” Discuss free essay sample

Co-ownership forms one of the most complex areas in land law. It requires constant updating over time as social structures and patterns of living evolve in society. This essay will discuss the many difficulties that regularly arise in this delicate area of the law for which there is no simple, all-encompassing solution. Specifically it will cover the common intention constructive trust and its development as well as the impact of the reform introduced by the Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TLATA). Cohabitation of property has generally always been regulated by statute. Much of the 20th century co-ownership was created under ‘trusts for sale’ regulated in the LPA 19251 that had been initially designed for older times. The trust for sale was therefore not a particularly effective method for co-ownership as society developed with an increase in women’s legal status and rights, particularly regarding familial and matrimonial arrangements. Difficulties arose if these relationships broke down, as the trustees were under a duty to sell and had only a power to postpone that duty. We will write a custom essay sample on The current law on the establishment and regulation of a co-ownership interest in land is unsatisfactory.† Discuss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the doctrine of conversion, beneficiaries had no interest in the land and no right to occupy it. If one partner demanded the property to be sold, the other half would have difficulty in refuting, especially as the power to postpone required consent from both parties.2 Despite the courts developing the doctrine of continuing purpose that worked to prevent this,3 it was obvious that a full on reform was required to update the statute in this area. The Law Commission detailed the problems in a 1989 report4 which lead the way for the TLATA. TLATA has proven effective in addressing most of the statutory issues regarding establishment and regulation of a co-ownership in land that preceded it. S.1(1) sets out the new ‘trust of land’, which gives beneficiaries an equitable interest in the land rather than notionally in money, with a power rather than a duty to sell and with proprietary rights for all purposes. This includes giving beneficiaries the right to occupy. The doctrine of conversion and its related issues were also made redundant.6 In creating one type of trust, it also removed the confusion that arose out of having both the trust for sale and the SLA settlement trust pre-TLATA. S.13(6) codifies what was previously known as equitable accounting in common law, defining the method by which compensation payments are dealt from any occupying beneficiary to any occupationally-excluded beneficiary. However, the effect of this codification is unclear and questioned as to its relevance in Stack v Dowden.7 For the trustees to sell, they now must formally join in a conveyance involving an application to court. 8 While this can itself become complicated where there are contrasting intentions and personal interests regarding the house and relationship, issues become even more complex when the trust in question is an implied trust in sole-name cases with no expressly communicated intention as to how the beneficial interest is to be shared. Without such a declaration of trust, it is unclear as to how the property is to be divided in law should the parties wish to separate. The current law in this area is unsatisfactory largely due to the difficulty involved with balancing equity and justice in such relationships and is an area that TLATA has seemingly left to the judiciary. Of interest in highlighting the difficulty courts have had is the lengthy historical change it has seen in common law in the past few decades. To deal with a scenario in which there is no declaration of trust, the law on implied trusts needed developing in the search for the most equitable scenario. Specifically, the problem arose where a couple purchased a house as tenants in common with different financial contributions, but one party later underwent work either financially or through labour which added to the price of the property. Naturally, they would expect to acquire a greater share than their initial contribution. The resulting trust assumed to be set up at the time of purchase therefore seems inequitable in considering only the initial financial contribution. The constructive trust was used and redefined to account for such a scenario. Despite the initial confusion between the two types of trust in case law,9 the importance of the difference now established is paramount. Lord Diplock’s verdict in Gissing10 laid down the requirement for an agreement between the parties, express or inferred from conduct, plus some detrimental act in reliance upon it to constitute a constructive trust. Lord Denning subsequently used this ‘constructive trust for a new model’ in a series of 3 cases11 in which he found general domestic duties around the home as being sufficient in establishing a constructive trust and a share of the beneficial interest, despite no financial contribution to the purchase of the property. The boundary was later raised in Burns12 through implementation of a stricter application of Gissing, revisiting the requirement for some element of ownership-sharing agreement, express or implied, also termed ‘common intention’. The court did not agree with Denning in Pettit that domestic duties were sufficient,13 and instead said that lacking this common intention, the court could only go as low as accepting elements of financial contribution that specifically allowed for the purchaser to pay mortgage instalments as sufficient to create a constructive trust. The courts attempted to redefine the Gissing precedent further in Rosset.14 LJ bridge controversially added to his verdict that inference of a constructive trust would require a ‘direct contribution’ to the purchase price or mortgage instalments,15 raising the barrier by eliminating contributions that merely freed up the purchaser to pay mortgage instalments previously accepted in Gissing and Burns. This came to be the law, despite the obvious inequity in the courts’ refusal to take anything less than direct contributions. Some commentators thought this went so far as to be more of a resulting than a constructive trust16 and the law has since been redefined in Stack