Women in the Cuban Revolution Essay Example

Ladies in the Cuban Revolution Essay Over the span of history, numerous upsets have delivered the best results of a nation. The Revolutionary development of Cuba during 1959 was a pathway to autonomy and furthermore a detachment of sexual orientation jobs battled by ladies. This Revolution for Independence is additionally an unrest in the progressions of ladies jobs. Ladies had lawful rights that were secured by law because of the interest in the Revolution of Cuba equivalent codes sex, legitimate privileges, and numerous different rights were made. The Cuban Revolution began in 1959 when a little gathering of guerrillas and urban insurrectionists toppled the fascism of Fulgencio Batista. A change of government modernized Cuba, the redistribution of riches, partition of chapel and state, and the monetary and political influence of chosen Cuban families were changed by the communist Revolution battled by Fidel Castrov. Castrov’s new change in Cuba additionally influenced women’s lives. Castrov said that, â€Å"A individuals whose ladies battle nearby men †that individuals is (sic) strong. the conventional practices of ladies were tested. Pre-Revolutionary ladies had negligible rights; they were exposed by sexual orientation jobs in the Latin American people group. The Revolution influenced all life-parts of the Latin American mainland; in any case, ladies were profoundly influenced by the Revolution. President Batista made the Cuban Constitution of 1940 which restricted the segregation of sex. When Fidel Castr ov started to challenge Batista’s organization, ladies from the center and high societies started to use their abilities and upheld Fiedel Castrov’s developments. We will compose a custom paper test on Women in the Cuban Revolution explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Women in the Cuban Revolution explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Women in the Cuban Revolution explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The ladies utilized their abilities recorded as a hard copy, systems administration, and they were â€Å"selling war bonds and creating rebel garbs, partaking in purposeful publicity work, taking an interest in real life and attacked units in the urban communities, moving arms, and battling in the mountains. † (Randall 1981, 22). The ladies support for Castrov’s developments has extraordinarily expanded patriotism for the individuals of Cuba. â€Å"Cuba should be free and autonomous, and the legislature ought to be gone over to the Cuban individuals. † (McKinley), he backing of ladies in Fidel Castrov’s Revolutionary development in July 26 by the Women’s Marti Civic Front and the perpetual help of The Revolutionary Women’s Union (UFR) established the triumph and pathway of equity for Cuban ladies. Women's activists sorted out gatherings, for example, the UFR where they started a broad way to-entryway battle to raise money and select. Ladies w ere apparently fit for carrying out any responsibility a male can do as of now. A few Women were on the war-fronts battling; they used weapons and shot adversaries. Ladies likewise filled in as attendants and providers to the military, the commitment of ladies range of abilities additionally spoke to the significance and desires for ladies during this time. These ladies changed customary sexual orientation jobs; they partook in the Revolution strategically and militarily. In Havana, Cuba 1959 the primary ladies detachment, Mariana Grajales Brigade, got themselves a triumph in the upset. The ladies battled close by the men and this †gave the vital realities that ladies were significant, the triumph of these ladies ensured a positive change in the various leveled status of sexual orientation. Melba Hernandez, the general of the main ladies detachment states, â€Å"We [the women] of Cuba are revolutionists, we will battle for the correspondence of ladies for our people in the future to come. † In the year 1960, the Federation of Cuban Women was perceived by the Cuban Government, they work to guarantee the insurance of Women’s Rights, and they are activists and lawmakers that despite everything battle for sexual orientation equity. Ladies and men currently share the equivalent lawful qualifications, openings for work, disorder and maternal advantages, government managed savings benefits, and so forth.

Staffing for Global Operations free essay sample

In 21st century, we are seeing a major jump in the globalization of business and with this, the capacity of the executives of an association to work adequately over the social and national fringes is assuming a basic job in business achievement. Staffing the board of worldwide organizations is an intricate issue to the universal human asset the board (IHRM). With this expressed, the announcement, â€Å"Culture is a significant variable for global management† is valid in each sense.Keywords: exile, ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, geocentric ? Acquaintance Culture by and large alludes with examples of human movement and the emblematic structures that give such action importance. Various meanings of â€Å"culture† reflect diverse hypothetical directions for comprehension or models for esteeming human movement. It alludes to a perfect of individual human refinement, of the best that has been thought and said on the planet (Wikipedia. organization). In the executives, culture has a somewhat unique meaning.It can be clarified as a lot of strategies, qualities, convictions, and perspectives learnt and shared by the associations part (Naylor, 2004). We will compose a custom article test on Staffing for Global Operations or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For this venture, I will assess at how various types of the board societies in overseeing auxiliaries, which are found everywhere throughout the world, can impact the turn of events and development of an association in the cutting edge period of globalization. Worldwide Business previously, when individuals discussed global business, it just implies that they sent out their items to different countries.Nowadays, due to the improvement of facilitated commerce, any nations diminish their exchange hindrances request to pull in outside organizations in, to contribute to and drive their residential economy. At whatever point individuals consider universal business, it is not, at this point just exchanging starting with one spot then onto the next †they are thinking as far as globalization. This implies not just having ventures, workplaces and organizations in their own nation, yet having comparably workplaces in various pieces of the world also (Citehr. com). In today’s worldw ide world, most large organizations have their workplaces or business in a wide range of nations. Worldwide ventures frequently have their home office at their nations of origin and all their different workplaces, which may remember workplaces for a similar nation yet not at the central station and those situated in different nations, need to answer to them all the time. Since culture is so not the same as one individual to another and starting with one nation then onto the next, when an association chooses to open an office in an outside nation, they have to choose how they will deal with their representatives in the remote country.Professionals sent a by their organizations to work abroad and has been working and living in a remote nation is called a â€Å"expatriate† (Wikipedia. organization). Organization administrators need to consider what sort of arrangements they should use inside their auxiliaries. There are four principle kinds of staffing for worldwide activities: Ethnocentric, Polycentric, Regiocentric, and Geocentric methodology. Ethnocentric Approach The mean ing of ethnocentric is â€Å"characterized by or dependent on the mentality that one’s own gathering is superior†(Merriam-webster. com, n. d. . Organizations following the ethnocentric methodology accept the nation of origin approach is ideal and that representatives from different pieces of the world can and ought to follow its policies.Local organizations may feel that parent organizations don't confide in them and this may disincentive impact on neighborhood the board resolve and inspirations. Significant expenses, parent organizations need to pay travel, private, pay rates, and other such costs for ostracize workers and by and large, the compensations for exile representatives are a lot higher than pay for somebody neighborhood. After assignments, regularly a drawn out oversea task is quite a while. The companies need to have vital courses of action on where the exiles will go, and what they will do when they finish their assignments.Expatriate will be unable to adjust back to their unique culture as they were away for a really long time (citehr. com). Polycentric Approach Polycentric staffing is a global staffing strategy in which worldwide partnerships treat every auxiliary as a different national substance with some individual dynamic position and recruit have nation nationals as supervisors. This methodology can limit the risks of social nearsightedness, however it can make a hole among home and host-nation tasks (uslegal. com). Organizations use individuals from the nations in which their auxiliaries are situated to fill the board jobs. General choices and arrangements are made by neighborhood auxiliaries, which are reasonable for their nearby surroundings and societies to assist them with achieving their parent company’s objectives. Center vital and useful limits arranging stay at base camp (Marcbowles. com) Advantages of polycentric approach are minimal effort all the positions are enlisted from the nation where the auxiliaries are found. Associations don't need to pay for voyaging and convenience costs for the ostracize and his/her family. Increment acknowledgment. Government and individuals generally acknowledge associations that are eager to utilize from their culture.They perceive this sort of association as genuine members in the neighborhood economy. It likewise shows the business trust in the neighborhood populace. Agreement, since all representatives are likewise from a similar nation, they have comparative culture which can diminish clashes among the work power (Wikipedia. organization) Disadvantages of polycentric approach are: Reduce of control of parent organization, in this sort of staffing, control practice by central command might be lessen. This could set it hard to adjust nearby expectations and worldwide priorities.Different guidelines, every auxiliary have their own strategies, which suit their societies, however the principles will be not the same as to each other. This may prompt challenges in accomplishing the associations universal objectives. Shy of correspondence. Correspondence among base camp and auxiliaries is predominantly simply revealing. Central station may not realize what is really occurring inside the auxiliaries. This may prompt the delay of troublesome neighborhood choices or issues as the nearby offices would attempt to fathom it without anyone else except if it is unavoidable (Wikipedia. rg) Regiocentric Approach Regiocentric approach is a way of thinking of the board whereby the firm attempts to mix its own advantages with those of its auxiliaries on a territorial premise (College of Business Administration, 2007). A worldwide partnership who has a regiocentric approach will partition portions of the world into districts. For instance, a global organization may partition Europe into various areas †Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Every organization may have various meanings of the size of locale, and which nations are in explicit area. An organization who embraces this methodology chooses appropriate administration level work force inside the district where the auxiliary is found. The regiocentric approach can be seen an advancement from ethnocentric or polycentric approach. It is like geocentric methodology, yet is constrained to inside various districts rather than the entire world. A regiocentric administrator can be said to have a perspective on a territorial scale, which could imply that the world outside the area being referred to may be seen with an ethnocentric or polycentric direction, or perhaps a blend of two (marcbowles. om). Favorable circumstances of Regiocentric approach are compelling; staff from the district where the auxiliaries work will be increasingly delicate to provincial needs. All in all, individuals from the locale will more in contact with the requirements and worries of the area and can settle on progressively reasonable choices dependent on this. These necessities and concerns can likewise be conveyed all the more successfully back to the organization central station. Free development, conceivably, there are less troubles in procuring visas and work licenses for staff moving from one piece of the locale to another.This will rely upon the size of the area and the laws overseeing development of individuals starting with one piece of the district then onto the next. Auxiliaries working in Europe as an area should think that its simple to migrate their ostracizes starting with one piece of the district then onto the next without gaining work allows or Visas (ihrm. com). A few disadvantages of Regiocentric approach incorporates significant expense, versatility, social issues, and after assignments. Like on account of ethnocentric methodology, there is a high migration, travel, and settlement costs brought about as staff are moved starting with one piece of the area then onto the next. Versatility, supervisors who situated inside the area despite everything experiences a few troubles adjusting to the method of living in an alternate nation inside the district. For example, individuals from Spain regularly are increasingly laid back, the pace of living and work is more slow. They may discover troubles in working in quick pace London. Social issues despite the fact that the ostracize employee(s) isn't as a long way from home as those with ethnocentric or geocentric business, they despite everything need to stress over how to carry their families with them or how to manage being ceaselessly from them.After assignments, likewise with the ethnocentric methodology, the multinationals need to choose what they will do with the exiles, regardless of whether they will have their unique occupations back, and how well they can adjust to their nation of origin in the wake of being endlessly for some time (ihrm. com). Geocentric Approach A geocentric staffing arrangement looks f or the best individuals for key occupations all through the association, paying little mind to their nationality. This methodology is steady with building a solid bringing together culture and casual manageme

Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in Psychology

Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in Psychology Basics Print Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 17, 2019 Chris Stein/DigitalVision/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming The just noticeable difference (JND), also known as the difference threshold, is the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. For example, if you were asked to hold two objects of different weights, the just noticeable difference would be the minimum weight difference between the two that you could sense half of the time. It is important not to confuse the just noticeable difference and the absolute threshold. While the difference threshold involves the ability to detect differences in stimulation levels, the absolute threshold refers to the smallest detectable level of stimulation. The absolute threshold for sound, for example, would be the lowest volume level that a person could detect. The just noticeable difference would be the smallest change in volume that a person could sense. Development of the Concept The difference threshold was first described by a physiologist and experimental psychologist named Ernst Weber and later expanded upon by psychologist Gustav Fechner. Webers Law, also sometimes known as the Weber-Fechner Law, suggests that the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus. For example, imagine that you presented a sound to a participant and then slowly increased the decibel levels. You had to increase the sound level by 7 decibels before the participant could tell that the volume had increased. In this case, the just noticeable difference would be 7 decibels.  Using this information, you could then use Webers law to predict the just noticeable difference for other sound levels. In reality, the just noticeable difference can vary across trials. This is why the JND is usually determined by conducting multiple trials and then using the smallest levels that participants could detect at least 50 percent of the time. The intensity level of the stimulus can also play a role in how much people notice changes. If a light is very, very dim, people might be more likely to notice smaller changes in intensity than they would if those same changes were made to brighter light. For example, imagine that you are in a dark movie theater. The house lights slowly start to turn on and you immediately notice even a very small change in the light intensity. Afterward, you leave the theater and head outside where the sun is shining brightly. If the same changes in light intensity were made outside, you might be less likely to notice them since the stimulus level is much higher. The just noticeable difference applies to a wide variety of senses including touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight. It can apply to things such as brightness, sweetness, weight, pressure, and noisiness, among other things. Examples   Imagine that you volunteer for a psychology experiment at your school. The researchers ask you to hold two small amounts of sand in each hand. An experimenter slowly adds tiny amounts of sand to one hand and asks you to say when you notice that one hand feels heavier than the other. The smallest weight difference that you can detect at least half the time is the just noticeable difference.You are watching television with your spouse, but the volume is too low to hear. You ask your spouse to turn it up. He presses the volume button twice, but you still cannot tell a difference in the volume. Your spouse presses the button two more times before you are able to notice the increase in volume.You are having a party at your apartment and the neighbor comes over and asks you to turn the music down. You and your guests immediately notice that the music is much quieter, but your neighbor does not notice a difference in the volume because the change is below his difference threshold.You volunt eer for another psychology experiment at your school. This time, the experimenters place small amounts of sugar in a container of water and ask you to drink it. You are asked to say when you notice the sweetness of the water versus the plain water. The smallest level of sweetness you can taste half the time is the difference threshold.

The United States Recent Wars Against Iraq Essay examples

The United States of America fought within the last two decades two major wars against Iraq, which were totally different in their character. On the one hand, in 1990 America conducted Operation Desert Storm to defeat Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait, mainly with traditional also called conventional warfare. On the other hand, Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in 2003, which was after the declared defeat of Saddam Hussein’s military forces a brutal conflict of U.S. forces together with the new government authorities against non-state actors primarily executed through irregular warfare. The economic crisis in 2008 also forced America to reduce its military budget due to a huge national debt, but the global threats remain the same and†¦show more content†¦The NMS highlighted with the description of America’s future force that the human resource, because of its innovation and values, is equally as important as the technological assets, displaying the capabilities, of the U.S. Armed Forces. These definitions and national objectives set the framework for America’s military capabilities in the 21st century. The United States has to maintain the ability to conduct globally irregular and conventional warfare to preserve its status as a superpower and credibility as a reliable partner. Nevertheless, America faced severe constraints for U.S. military forces due to its over $17 trillion national debt and the enacted sequestration. Therefore, a balance and prioritization is necessary to accomplish national strategic objectives, retain military and economic reliability, and solve financial limitations. The portion of conventional warfare was less than 20 percent in the conflicts of the last two centuries. As a result, America should increase its irregular warfare capabilities, which include not only Special Operations Forces (SOF) but also highly trained military personnel. The threats of transnational terrorist organizations like Al-Quaeda a re stillShow MoreRelatedImpact of the Gulf War, September 11th, and the War in Iraq on the U.S. Constitution1083 Words   |  5 Pages The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It was completed on September, 1787, with its adoption by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was later ratified by special conventions in each of the original thirteen states. It created a more unified and defined government in place of what was then a group of free and independent states operating under the Articles of Confederation. During its historyRead MoreEssay on America Should Not Use Military Force in Iraq1357 Words   |  6 Pagesanti-terrorism war in Afghanistan, are we going to fight another war on Iraq? In almost every statement on foreign policy, Bush states his belief on his war against Iraq and depicts Saddam Hussein as â€Å"an evil.† A recent poll showed that â€Å"nearly seven in 10 supported military action to force Saddam Hussein from power (Public Agenda). Before you make your decision, do you think a war after Iraq is justified by International law and US law? Do you know the current situation and the background of Iraq and theRead MoreIt Is Extremely Difficult To Define What Terrorism Is,1204 Words   |  5 Pagesthey attacked in fear. In the years after September 11th 2001 the United States waged a war on Iraq that was described as Operation Iraqi Freedom which was meant to rid Iraq of all weapons of mass destruction and help it rebuild its army. This war ended up not helping Iraq in th e ways that the United States had hoped, instead, the United States’ involvement in Iraq and now Syria has caused a growing distrust in the United States by its own citizens as well as citizens of other countries. OperationRead MoreThe United Kingdom And Iraq During The Invasion Of Iraq1407 Words   |  6 PagesInvasion of Iraq began on 19 March and ended 1 May 2003 with coalition forces the United States and its allies (United Kingdom, Australia and Poland) invading Iraq, called Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United Kingdom Prime Minister at the time, Tony Blair felt that the threat of terrorism from Iraq must be dealt with immediately, with his speech in Texas 2002 saying that the United Kingdom must be prepared to act where weapons of mass destruction and terrorism loom over them. 1 The war ended quicklyRead MoreShould We Have Gone to War in Iraq Persausive Essay768 Words   |  4 Pagesfought in the United States most recent war? This war was called Operation Iraqi Freedo m. Many people have family members that fought in this war, or maybe a neighbor. The Iraq war was started shortly after 9/11 when the United States felt that Iraq leader Saddam Hussein had weapons of Mass Destruction. (WMD’s) With the rumor that Iraq had WMD’s President Bush felt the US military had to go on the offense to assure the safety of the country. With that in mind I agree with going to war in Iraq. Also, SaddamRead MoreThe Realist and Liberalist Perspectives on International Relations and US Policy Stance Toward Iraq1186 Words   |  5 PagesStance Toward Iraq There are two prominent stances in International Relations. The schools of thought are commonly referred to as realist and liberalist. There are various names that they are called, and they can also be split further into subdivisions. However, for the purposes of this question I will just refer to the main schools of thought, and the main aims of both the paradigms. At a first glance at this question, my gut feeling is that the United States aims to achieveRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of the the Iran-Iraq War Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesIran-Iraq War, An Iraqi soldier carrying an AK-47 assault rifle during the Iran-Iraq War. [Credit:  © Jacques Pavlovsky/Corbis](1980–88), prolonged military conflict between Iran and Iraq during the 1980s. Open warfare began on Sept. 22, 1980, when Iraqi armed forces invaded western Iran along the countries’ joint border, though Iraq claimed that the war had begun earlier that month, on September 4, when Iran shelled a number of border posts. Fighting was ended by a 1988 cease-fire, though the resumptionRead MoreThe Global Security And Human Security1544 Words   |  7 Pageshad entered into the Post-Cold War era, traditional conceptions of security had become the global security and human security. The International Government Organizations (IGOs) and United Nations realized that wars and chaos began to be internationalized. And the human security, such as human rights, poverty, and the environment, has received attention gradually by the public. There are many issues that have affected the global security in recent decades. The Iraq war began in 2003, a nd it estimatedRead MoreThe American Response1361 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica’s two most recent wars are the Iraq War and the War on Terror. Both of these wars have accomplished their goals, but come at a great cost. There were quite a few factors in both of these wars that affected international security. First, I will analyze both of the wars and then intertwine them together to show the overall effect they have created on America. Let us look first at the War on Terror. The War on Terror started after the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda attacked America on SeptemberRead MoreThe Iraq War : The United States Invade Iraq1109 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States cannot invade Iraq. After the jarring terrorist attacks on September 11th, the American population’s fear is fueling extremism. After al Qaeda’s hijacking of four planes flown into the World Trade Center and Pentagon, we must act rationally. 3,000 civilians have died. In order to combat terrorism, we must rely on the facts, and prevent the population from being misguided and having irrational thoughts. Neither American interests nor principles are served by forcing regime change

Impact Of Same Sex Parenting On Gender Identity Disorders

RESEARCH PAPER â€Å"Impact of Same-Sex parenting on Gender Identity Disorders in adolescence† INTRODUCTION: Same-sex parenting will always face the two different concepts: one considering it lawful, plain and simple and the other opposing it as a matter of morality. Same-sex couples can never be equivalent to heterosexual couples in terms of legality, outcomes and even children as homosexuals lack the ability to give birth to children due to which they refer to joint adoptions mostly. Many countries do not allow the same-sex marriages to be legal as they are of the view that this will then provide the alternative to the heterosexual marriages which is exactly not the case. Many researchers are of the view that same-sex parenting leads to†¦show more content†¦The huge number of articles and research papers on this topic shows the immense importance of this issue to be discussed and acknowledged in the coming future. DESCRIPTION: Same-sex parenting is taken both in positive and negative sense but even then it is regarded more as a family issue. There is a concept that where lives a same-sex couples, there must be children raised by them. Then it comes to mind that which sort of children? Such children may be divided into three groups: (Kurtz, 2004) †¢ Firstly, the children who are being raised by same-sex couples whether those marriages are available or not. In America, according to 2000 census, almost 594,000 homes are being resided by same-sex couples and around 27 percent of them have children (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003) which accounts for almost 166,000 children. (Bozett, 1993) Such children are directly affected by the same-sex marriage. †¢ Secondly, the children who are not being raised by the same-sex couples instead they are raised by the heterosexual couples or single parents and the effects of such marriages are unclear in these children. The number of such children is greater than the children of first category. †¢ Third class of children is largely affected by the same sex marriages. These effects include coping with the boundary control, non-disclosure, disclosure, selective association, and blending in. (Anderssen, 2002)

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 10~11 Free Essays

string(48) " and again to perform a hand job on the singer\." CHAPTER TEN Safety Clay Demodocus drifted silently down past the tail of the breath-holder, only the quiet hissing of his own breath in his ears. Breath-holders were called such because they hung there in the water for up to forty minutes, heads down like a singer, just holding their breath. Not swimming or singing or doing much of anything else. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 10~11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just hanging there, sometimes three or four of them, tails spread out like the points of a compass. As if someone had just dropped a handful of sleeping whales and forgotten to pick them up. Except they weren’t sleeping. Whales didn’t really sleep, as far as they knew. Well, the theory was that they slept with only half of their brain at a time, while the other half took care of not drowning. For an air-breather, sleeping in the water and not drowning is a big problem. (Go ahead, try it. We’ll wait.) Falling asleep would be so easy with the rebreather, Clay thought. It was very quiet, which was why Clay was using it. Instead of using a tank of air that was exhaled through a regulator into the water as bubbles, the rebreather sent the diver’s exhalation back through a scrubber that took out the carbon dioxide, past some sensors and a tank that added some oxygen, then back to the diver to be rebreathed. No bubbles, which made the rebreather perfect for studying whales (and for sneaking up on enemy ships, which is why the navy had developed it in the first place). Humpbacks used bubble blowing as a means of communication, especially the males, who threatened one another with bubble displays. Consequently it was nearly impossible to get close to a whale with scuba gear, especially a static animal like a singer or a breath-holder. By blowing bubbles the diver was babbling away in whalespeak, without the slightest idea of what he was saying. In the past Clay had dropped on breat h-holders with scuba gear, only to watch the animals swim off before he got within fifty feet of them. He imagined the whales saying, â€Å"Hey, it’s the skinny, retarded kid talking nonsense again. Let’s get out of here.† But this season they’d gotten the rebreather, and Clay was getting his first ever decent footage of a breath-holder. As he drifted by the tail, he checked his gauges, looked up to see Amy snorkeling at the surface, silhouetted in a sunbeam, a small tank strapped on her back ready to come to his rescue should something go wrong. The one big drawback to the rebreather (rather than a fairly simple hose on a tank as in a scuba setup) was that it was a very complex machine, and, should it break, there was a good chance it would kill the diver. (Clay’s experience had taught him that the one thing you could depend on was that something would break.) Around him, except for the whale, was a field of clear blue; below, nothing but blue. Even with great visibility he couldn’t see the bottom, some five hundred feet down. Just past the tail he was at a hundred feet. The navy had tested the rebreather to more than a thousand feet (and since he could theoretically stay down for sixteen hours if he needed to, decompression wasn’t a problem), but Clay was still wary of going too deep. The rebreather wasn’t set to mix gases for a deep dive, so there was still the danger of nitrogen narcosis – a sort of intoxication caused by pressurized nitrogen in the bloodstream. Clay had been narced a couple of times, once while under arctic ice filming beluga whales, and if he hadn’t been tethered to the opening in the ice with a nylon line, he would have drowned. Just a few more feet and he’d be able to sex the breath-holder, something that they hadn’t done more than a few times before, and then it was by crossbow and DNA. The question so far was, are breath-holders all male like singers, and if so, does the breath-holding behavior have something to do with the singing behavior? Clay and Quinn had first come together over the question of sexing singers, some seventeen years before, when DNA testing was so rare as to be nearly nonexistent. â€Å"Can you get under the tail?† Nate had asked. â€Å"Get photos of the genitals?† â€Å"Kinky,† Clay had said. â€Å"Sure, I’ll give it a try.† Of course, except for a few occasions when he was able to hold his breath long enough to get under an animal, about a third of the time, Clay had failed at producing whale porn. Now, with this rebreather†¦ As he drifted below the tail, so close now that even the wide-angle lens could take in only a third of the flukes, Clay noticed some unusual markings on the tail. He looked up from the display just as the whale began to move, but it was too late. The whale twitched, and the massive tail came down on Clay’s head, driving him some twenty feet deeper in an instant. The wash from the flukes tumbled him backward three times before he settled in a slow drift to the bottom, unconscious. As he watched the pseudo-Hawaiian try to kick down to the singing whale for the eighth time, Nathan Quinn thought, This is a rite of passage. Similar things were done to me when I was a grad student. Didn’t Dr. Ryder send me out to get close-up blowhole pictures of a gray whale who had a hideous head cold? Wasn’t I hit by a basketball-size gob of whale snot nearly every time the whale surfaced? And wasn’t I, ultimately, grateful for the opportunity to get out in the field and do some real research? Of course I was. Therefore, I am being neither cruel nor unprofessional by sending this young man down again and again to perform a hand job on the singer. You read "Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 10~11" in category "Essay examples" The radio chirped, signaling a call from the Always Confused. Nate keyed the mike button on the mobile phone/two-way radio they used to communicate between the two boats. â€Å"Go ahead, Clay.† â€Å"Nate, it’s Clair. Clay went down about fifteen minutes ago, but Amy just dove after him with the rescue tank. I don’t know what to do. They’re too deep. I can’t see them. The whale took off, and I can’t see them.† â€Å"Where are you, Clair?† â€Å"Straight out, about two miles off the dump.† Nate grabbed the binoculars and scanned the island, found the dump, looked out from there. He could make out two or three boats in the area. Six or eight minutes away at full throttle. â€Å"Keep looking, Clair. Get ready to drop a hang tank if you have one set up, in case they need to decompress. I’ll be there as soon as I get the kid out of the water.† â€Å"What’s he doing in the water?† â€Å"Just a bad decision on my part. Keep me apprised, Clair. Try to follow Amy’s bubbles if you can find them. You’ll want to be as close to them as you can when they come up.† Nate started the engine just as Kona broke the surface, spitting out the snorkel and taking in a great gasp of air. Kona shook his head, signifying that he hadn’t accomplished the mission. â€Å"Too deep, boss.† â€Å"Come, come, come. To the side.† Nate waved him to the boat. Quinn brought the boat broadside to Kona, then reached over with both hands. â€Å"Come on.† Kona took his hands, and Quinn jerked the surfer over the gunwale. Kona landed in a heap in the bottom of the boat. â€Å"Boss –  » â€Å"Hang on, Clay’s in trouble.† â€Å"But, boss –  » Quinn buried the throttle, yanked the boat around, and cringed at the bunny-in-a-blender screech as the hydrophone cord wrapped around the prop, sheared the prop pin, and chopped itself into a whole package of expensive, waterproof licorice sticks. â€Å"Fuck!† Nate snatched off his baseball cap and whipped it onto the console. The hydrophone sank peacefully to the bottom, bopping the singer on the back as it went. Nate killed the engine and grabbed the radio. â€Å"Clair, are they up yet? I’m not going to be able to get there.† Amy felt as if someone were driving huge ice picks into her eardrums. She pinched her nostrils closed and blew to equalize the pressure, even as she kicked to go deeper, but she was moving too fast to get equalized. She was down fifty feet now. Clay was a hundred feet below her, the pressure would triple before she got there. She felt as if she were swimming through thick, blue honey. She’d seen the whale tail hit Clay and toss him back, but the good news was that she hadn’t seen a cloud of bubbles come up. There was a chance that the regulator had stayed in Clay’s mouth and he was still breathing. Of course, it could also mean that he was dead or that his neck had snapped and he was paralyzed. Whatever his condition, he certainly wasn’t moving voluntarily, just sinking slowly, relentlessly toward the bottom. Amy fought the pressure, the resistance of the water, and did math problems as she kicked deeper. The rescue tank held only a thousand pounds of air, a third of the capacity of a normal tank. She guessed that she’d be at around a hundred and seventy-five to two hundred feet before she caught Clay. That would give her just enough air to get him to the surface without stopping to decompress. Even if Clay was unhurt, there was a good chance he was going to get decompression sickness, the bends, and if he lived through that, he’d spend three or four days in the hyperbaric decompression chamber in Honolulu. Ah, the big palooka is probably dead anyway, she thought, trying to cheer herself up. Although Clay Demodocus had lived a life spiced with adventures, he was not an adventurer. Like Nate, he did not seek danger, risk, or fulfillment by testing his mettle against nature. He sought calm weather, gentle seas, comfortable accommodations, kind and loyal people, and safety, and it was only for the work that he compromised any of those goals. The last to go, the least compromised, was safety. The loss of his father, a hard-helmet sponge diver, had taught him that. The old man was just touching bottom at eight hundred feet when a drunken deck hand dragged his ass across the engine start button, causing the prop to cut his father’s air line. The pressure immediately drove Papa Demodocus’s entire body into the bronze helmet, leaving only his weighted shoes showing, and it was in his great helmet that he was lowered into the grave. Little Clay (Cleandros in those days in Greece) was only five at the time, and that last vision of his father haunted him for years. He never did see a Marvin the Martian cartoon – that great goofy helmet body riding cartoon shoes – when he did not have to fight a tear and sniffle for Papa. As Clay drifted down into the briny blue, he saw a bright light and a dark shape waiting there on the other side. Out of the light came a short but familiar figure. The face was still dark, but Clay knew the voice, even after so many years. â€Å"Welcome, Earth Being,† said the vacuum-packed Greek. â€Å"Papa,† said Clay. Clair dragged the heavy tank out of the Always Confused’s bait well and tried to attach the regulator in order to hang it off a line for Amy and Clay to breathe from so they could decompress before coming up. Clay had shown her how to do this a dozen times, but she had never paid attention. It was his job to put the technothingies together. She didn’t need to know this stuff. It wasn’t as if she was ever going to go diving without him. She’d let him drone on about safety this and life-threatening that while she applied her attention to putting on sunscreen or braiding her hair so it wouldn’t tangle in the equipment. Now she was blinking back tears and cursing herself for not having listened. When she thought she finally might have the regulator screwed on correctly, she grabbed it and dragged the tank to the side of the boat. The regulator came off in her hands. â€Å"Goddamn it!† She snatched the radio and keyed the mike. â€Å"Nate, I need some help here.† â€Å"Go ahead, sistah,† came back. â€Å"He be in the briny blue, fixing the propeller.† â€Å"Kona, do you know how a regulator goes on a scuba tank?† â€Å"Yah mon, you got to keep the bowl above the water or your herb get wet and won’t take the fire.† Clair took a deep breath and fought back a sob. â€Å"See if you can put Nate on.† Back on the Constantly Baffled, Nate was in the water with snorkel and fins fighting the weight of half a dozen wrenches and sockets he’d put in the pockets of his cargo shorts. He almost had the propeller off the boat. With luck he could install the shear pin and be up and running in a couple of minutes. It wasn’t a complex procedure. It had just been made a lot trickier when Nate found that he couldn’t reach the prop to work on it from inside the boat. Then, suddenly, his air supply was cut off. He kicked up, spit the snorkel out of his mouth, and found himself staring Kona right in the face. The fake Hawaiian hung over the back of the boat, his thumb covering the end of Nate’s snorkel, his other hand holding the radio, which he’d let slip halfway underwater. â€Å"Call for you, boss.† Nate gasped and snatched the receiver out of Kona’s hand – held it up out of the water. â€Å"What in the hell are you doing? That’s not waterproof.† He tried to sling the water out of the cell phone and keyed the mike. â€Å"Clair! Can you hear me?† No sound, not even static. â€Å"But it’s yellow,† said Kona, as if that explained everything. â€Å"I can see it’s yellow. What did Clair say? Is Clay all right?† â€Å"She wanted to know how to put the regulator on the tank. You have to keep the bowl above the water, I tell her.† â€Å"It’s not a bong, you idiot. It’s a real scuba tank. Help me out.† Nate handed up his fins, then stepped on the trim planes on the stern and pulled himself into the boat. At the console he turned on the marine radio and started calling. â€Å"Clair, you listening? This is the Constantly Baffled calling the Always Confused. Clair, are you there?† â€Å"Constantly Baffled,† cut in a stern, official-sounding male voice, â€Å"this is the Department of Conservation and Resources Enforcement. Are you displaying your permit flag?† â€Å"Conservation, we have an emergency situation, a diver in trouble off our other boat. I’m dead in the water with a broken shear pin. The other boat is roughly two miles off the dump.† â€Å"Constantly Baffled, why are you not displaying your permit flag?† â€Å"Because I forgot to put the damn thing up. We have two divers in the water, both possibly in trouble, and the woman on board is unable to put together a hang tank.† Nate looked around. He could see the whale cops’ boat about a thousand yards to the west toward Lanai. They were alongside another boat. Nate could see the familiar figure of the Count standing in the bow, looming there like doom in an Easter bonnet. Bastard! â€Å"Constantly Baffled, hold there, we are coming to you.† â€Å"Don’t come to me. I’m not going anywhere. Go to the other boat. Repeat, they have an emergency situation and are not responding to marine radio.† The Conservation Enforcement boat lifted up in the water under the power of two 125-horse Honda outboards and beelined toward them. â€Å"Fuck!† Nate dropped the mike and started to shake, a shiver born not of temperature, as it was eighty degrees on the channel, but out of frustration and fear. What had happened to Clay to prompt Amy to go to his rescue? Maybe she had misjudged the situation and gone down needlessly. She didn’t have much experience in the water, or at least he didn’t think she had. But if things were okay, then why weren’t they up†¦? â€Å"Kona, did Clair say whether she could see Amy and Clay? â€Å"No, boss, she just wanted to know about the regulator.† Kona sat down in the bottom of the boat and hung his head between his knees. â€Å"I’m sorry, boss. I thought if it was yellow, it could go in the water. I didn’t know. It slipped.† Nate wanted to tell the kid it was all right, but he didn’t like lying to people. â€Å"Clay put you on the research permit, right, Kona? You remember signing a paper with a lot of names on it?† â€Å"No, mon. That five-oh coming up now?† â€Å"Yeah, whale cops. And if Clay didn’t put you on the permit, you’re going to be going home with them.† CHAPTER ELEVEN The Mermaid and the Martian The depth gauge read two hundred feet by the time Amy finally snagged the top of Clay’s rebreather and pulled herself down to where she was looking into his mask. If it weren’t for a small trail of blood streaming from his scalp, making him look like he was leaking black motor oil into the blue, he might have been sleeping, and she smiled in spite of herself. The sea dog survives. Somehow – maybe through years of conditioning his reflexes to keep his mouth shut – Clay had bitten down on the mouthpiece of the rebreather. He was breathing steadily. She could hear the hiss of the apparatus. She wasn’t sure that Clay’s mouthpiece would stay in all the way to the surface, and, if it came out, the photographer would surely drown, even if she replaced it quickly. Unlike a normal scuba regulator, which was frightfully easy to purge, you couldn’t let water get into a rebreather or it could foul the carbon-dioxide scrubbers and render the device useless. And she’d need both her hands for the swim up. One to hold on to Clay and one to vent air from his buoyancy-control vest, which would fill with air as they rose, causing them both to shoot to the surface and get the bends. (Amy wasn’t wearing a BC vest or a wet suit; she wasn’t supposed to have needed them.) After wasting a precious thirty seconds of air to consider the problem, she took off her bikini top and wrapped it around Clay’s head to secure his mouthpiece. Then she hooked her hand into his buoyancy vest and started the slow kick to the surface. At a hundred and fifty feet she made the mistake of looking up. The surface might have been a mile away. Then she checked her watch and pulled up Clay’s arm so she could see the dive computer on his wrist. Already the liquid-crystal readout was blinking, telling her that Clay needed two decompression stops on the way up. One at fifty feet and one at twenty, from ten to fifteen minutes each. With his rebreather he’d have plenty of air. Amy wasn’t wearing a dive computer, but by ball-parking it from her pressure gauge, she figured she had between five and ten minutes of air left. She was about half an hour short. Well, this is going to be awkward, she thought. The whale cops wore light blue uniform shirts with shorts and aviator-style mirrored sunglasses that looked as if they’d been surgically set into their faces. They were both in their thirties and had spent some time in the gym, although one was heavier and had rolled up his short sleeves to let his grapefruit biceps breathe. The other was thin and wiry. They brought their boat alongside Nate’s and threw over a bumper to keep the boats from rubbing together in the waves. â€Å"Howzit, bruddahs!† Kona said. â€Å"Not now,† Nate whispered. â€Å"I need to see your permit,† said the heavier cop. Nate had pulled a plastic envelope out from under the console as they approached. They went through this several times a year. He handed it over to the cop, who took out the document and unfolded it. â€Å"I’ll need both of your IDs.† â€Å"Come on,† Nate said, handing over his driver’s license. â€Å"You guys know me. Look, we’ve sheared a pin and there’s a diver emergency on our other boat.† â€Å"You want us to call the Coast Guard?† â€Å"No, I want you to take us over there.† â€Å"That’s not what we do, Dr. Quinn,† said the thin cop, looking up from the permit. â€Å"The Coast Guard is equipped for emergencies. We are not.† â€Å"Dis haole, lolo pela, him,† said Kona. (Meaning, he’s just a dumb white guy.) â€Å"Don’t talk that shit to me,† said the heavier cop. â€Å"You want to speak Hawaiian, I’ll talk to you in Hawaiian, but don’t talk that pidgin shit to me. Now, where’s your ID?† â€Å"Back at my cabin.† â€Å"Dr. Quinn, your people need to have ID at all times on a research vessel, you know that.† â€Å"He’s new.† â€Å"What’s your name, kid?† â€Å"Pelekekona Keohokalole,† said Kona. The cop took off his sunglasses – for the first time ever, Nate thought. He looked at Kona. â€Å"You’re not on the permit.† â€Å"Try Preston Applebaum,† said Kona. â€Å"Are you trying to fuck with me?† â€Å"He is,† said Nate. â€Å"Just take him in, and on the way take me to our other boat.† â€Å"I think we’ll tow both of you in and deal with the permit issues when we get into harbor.† Suddenly, amid the static of the marine radio on in the background, Clair’s voice: â€Å"Nate, are you there? I lost Amy’s bubbles. I can’t see her bubbles. I need help here! Nate! Anyone!† Nate looked at the whale cop, who looked at his partner, who looked away. Kona jumped up on the gunwale of the police boat and leaned into the wiry cop’s face. â€Å"Can we do the territorial macho power trip after we get our divers out of the water, or do you have to kill two people to show us how big your fucking dicks are?† Clair ran around the boat searching for Amy’s bubble trail, hoping she was just missing it, had lost it in the waves – hoping that it was still there. She looked at the hang tank sitting in the floor of the boat, still unattached to the regulator, then ran back to the radios, keying both the marine radio and the cell-phone radio and trying not to scream. â€Å"SOS here. Please, I’m a couple of miles off the dump, I have divers down, in trouble.† The harbormaster at Lahaina came back, said he’d send someone, and then a dive boat who was out at the lava cathedrals at Lanai said they had to get their divers out of the water but could be there in thirty minutes. Then Nathan Quinn came back. â€Å"Clair, this is Nate. I’m on the way. How long ago did the bubbles stop?† â€Å"Clair checked her watch. Four, five minutes ago.† â€Å"Can you see them?† â€Å"No, nothing. Amy went deep, Nate. I watched her go down until she disappeared.† â€Å"Do you have hang tanks in the water?† â€Å"No, I can’t get the damn regulators on. Clay always did it.† â€Å"Just tie off the tanks and tie the regulators to the tanks and get them over the side. Amy and Clay can hook them up if they get to them.† â€Å"How deep? I have three tanks.† â€Å"Ninety, sixty, and thirty. Just get them in the water, Clair. We’ll worry about exact depth when I get there. Just hang them so they can find them. Tie glow sticks on them if you have any. Should be there in five minutes. We can see you.† Clair started tying the plastic line around the necks of the heavy scuba tanks. Every few seconds she scanned the waves for signs of Amy’s bubbles, but there weren’t any. Nate had said â€Å"If they get to them.† She blinked away tears and concentrated on her knots. If? Well if Clay made it back – when he made it back – he could damn sure get himself a safer job. Her man wasn’t going to drown hundreds of feet under the ocean, because from now on he was going to be taking pictures of weddings or bar mitzvahs or kids at JC Penney’s or some goddamn thing on dry land. Across the channel, near the shore of Kahoolawe, the target island, Libby Quinn had been following the exchange between Clair and Nate over the marine radio. Without being asked, her partner, Margaret, said, â€Å"We don’t have any diving equipment on board. That deep, there’s not much we could do.† â€Å"Clay’s immortal anyway,† said Libby, trying to sound more blas than she felt. â€Å"He’ll come up yammering about what great footage he got.† â€Å"Call them, offer our help,† the older woman said. â€Å"If we deny our instincts as caretakers, we deny ourselves as women.† â€Å"Oh, fuck off, Margaret! I’m calling to offer our help because it’s the right thing to do.† Meanwhile, on the ocean side of Kahoolawe, Cliff Hyland was sitting in the makeshift lab belowdecks in the cabin cruiser, headphones on, watching an oscilloscope readout, when one of his grad students came into the cabin and grabbed him by the shoulder. â€Å"Sounds like Nathan Quinn’s group is in trouble,† said the girl, a sun-baked brunette wearing zinc-oxide war paint on her nose and cheeks and a hat the size of a garbage-can lid. Hyland pulled up the headphones. â€Å"What? Who? Fire? Sinking? What?† â€Å"They’ve lost two divers. That photographer guy Clay and that pale girl.† â€Å"Where are they?† â€Å"About two miles off the dump. They’re not asking for help. I just thought you should know.† â€Å"That’s a ways. Start reeling in the array. We can be there in a half hour maybe.† Just then Captain Tarwater came down the steps into the cabin. â€Å"Stay that order, grommet. Stay on mission. We have a survey to finish today – and a charge to record.† â€Å"Those guys are friends of mine,† Hyland said. â€Å"I’ve been monitoring the situation, Dr. Hyland. Our presence has not been requested, and, frankly, there is nothing this vessel could do to help. It sounds like they’ve lost some divers. It happens.† â€Å"This isn’t war, Tarwater. We don’t just lose people.† â€Å"Stay on mission. Any setback in Quinn’s operation can only benefit this project.† â€Å"You asshole,† Hyland said. Back in the channel, the Count stood in the bow of the big Zodiac and watched as the Conservation and Resources Enforcement boat towed away the Constantly Baffled. He turned to his three researchers, who were trying to look busy in back of the boat. â€Å"Let that be a lesson to you all. The key to good science is making sure all the paperwork is in order. Now you can see why I’m such a stickler for you people having your IDs with you every morning.† â€Å"Yeah, in case some other researcher rats us out to the Conservation and Resources cops,† one woman said. â€Å"Science is a competitive sport, Ms. Wextler. If you’re not willing to compete, you’re welcome to take your undergrad degree and go baby-sit seasick tourists on a whale-watching boat. Nathan Quinn has attacked the credibility of this organization in the past. It’s only fair play that I point out when he is not working within the rules of the sanctuary.† The ocean breeze carried the junior researchers’ under-the-breath whispers of  «asshole » away from the ears of Gilbert Box, over the channel to wash against the cliffs of Molokai. Nate wrapped his arms around Clair and held her as she sobbed. As the downtime passed the first half hour, Nate felt a ball of fear, dread, and nausea forming in his own stomach. Only by trying to stay busy looking for signs of Clay and Amy was he able to keep from being ill. When Amy’s downtime passed forty-five minutes, Clair started to sob. Clay might have been able to stay down that long with the re-breather, but with only the tiny rescue tank, there was no way Amy could still be breathing. Two divemasters from a nearby tour boat had already used up a full tank each searching. The problem was, in blue water it was a three-dimensional search. Rescue searches were usually done on the bottom, but not when it was six hundred feet down. With the currents in the channel†¦ well, the search was little more than a gesture anyway. Being a scientist, Nate liked true things, so after an hour he stopped telling Clair that everything was going to be all right. He didn’t believe it, and grief was already descending on him like a flight of black arrows. In the past, when he had experienced loss or trauma or heartbreak, some survival mechanism had kicked in and allowed him to function for months before he’d actually begin feeling the pain, but this time it was immediate and deep and devastating. His best friend was dead. The woman that he – Well, he wasn’t exactly sure what he’d felt about Amy, but even when he looked past the sexuality, the differences in their ages and positions, he liked her. He liked her a lot, and he’d become used to her presence after only a few weeks. One of the divers came up near the boat and spit out his regulator. â€Å"There’s nowhere to look. It’s just blue to fucking infinity.† â€Å"Yeah,† Nate said. â€Å"I know.† Clay saw blue-green breasts gently bobbing before his face and was convinced that he had, indeed, drowned. He felt himself being pulled upward and so closed his eyes and surrendered. â€Å"No, no, no, son,† said Papa. â€Å"You’re not in heaven. The tits are not blue in heaven. You are still alive.† Papa’s face was very much smashed against the glass of his helmet, wearing the sort of expression he might have had if he’d run full speed into a bulletproof window and someone had snapped a picture at maximum mash, yet Clay could see that his eyes were smiling. â€Å"My little Cleandros, you know it is not time for you to join me?† Clay nodded. â€Å"And when it comes time for you to join me, it should be because you are old and tired and ready to go, not because the sea is wanting to crush you.† Clay nodded again, then opened his eyes. This time there was a stabbing pain in his head, but he squinted through it to see Amy’s face through her dive mask. She held his regulator in his mouth and was gripping the back of his head to make him look at her. When she was sure that he was conscious and knew where he was, she gave him the okay signal and waited until he returned it. Amy then let go of Clay’s regulator, and they swam slowly upward, to surface four hundred yards from where they’d first submerged. Clay immediately looked around for the boat and found nothing where he expected it, the closest vessels being a group of boats too far away to be the Always Confused. He checked his dive computer. He’d been down for an hour and fifteen minutes. That couldn’t be right. â€Å"That’s them,† Amy said. She looked down into the water. â€Å"Oops. Let me get my top off of your face.† â€Å"Okay,† Clay mumbled into the rebreather. Kona was in tears, wailing like Bob Marley in a bear trap – inconsolable. â€Å"Clay gone. The Snowy Biscuit gone. And I was going to poke squid with her, too.† â€Å"You were not,† said Nate. But the artificial Hawaiian didn’t hear. â€Å"There!† Kona shouted as he leaped onto the shoulders of the stocky whale cop to get a better view. â€Å"It’s the white wahine! Praise to Jah! Thanks be to His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie. Go there, Sheriff. A saving be needed.† â€Å"Handcuff this kid,† said the cop. How to cite Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 10~11, Essay examples

Propanol and Butanol Essay Example

Propanol and Butanol Paper To investigate and compare the relationships between the amounts of energy released from different alcohols in the alcohol series. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Alcohols are a series of organic homologous compounds with the general formula of C(n) H(2n+1) OH. They gain their properties, which are different to those of other compounds in the homologous series due to the OH bonded to the Carbon. The 4 simplest alcohols are Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol and Butanol. Each alcohol has one more carbon and two more hydrogens than the previous one. When alcohols are heated to react in a copious supply of oxygen they undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is an exothermic one and produces a flame emitting light and thermal energy. This is because the energy put into the alcohol to break the bonds is less than the energy given out by new bonds forming. Therefore, different alcohols release different amounts of energy. The diagrams and calculations on the following sheets show the theoretical energy release of each alcohol using the bond energy values below. BOND TYPE BOND ENERGY (KJ/mol) 0-H 463 C-H 412 C-O 360 C=O. We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Propanol and Butanol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 805 (Carbon dioxide) O=O 496 C-C 348 The calculations show that: (the negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light) ALCOHOL ENERGY RELEASED (KJ/mol)) Methanol -659 Ethanol -1279 Propan-1-ol -1899 Butan-1-ol -2519 The negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light as an exothermic reaction. The graph shows that as the length of alcohol chains increases the energy released by combustion will also increase directly proportionally. This is shown by the straight line passing through the origin on the graph on page 6. This is because the longer chains have give out more energy from the bonds formed in the products than the energy that went in to break the extra carbon and 2 hydrogen bonds. During this investigation I will be using propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol. The 1 refers to the structure of the compound, as Propanol and Butanol are capable of having more than one structure but share the same molecular formula. This is important as other isomers will release different levels of energy due to the different arrangement of bonds. PREDICTION The evidence given previously states that the longer the chain of the molecules the more energy it will release. Therefore I expect Methanol to give of the least energy and Butan-1ol to release the most amount of energy. This is due to the enrrgy of the products in Butanol being higher than the energy in Methanol. My graph should look the same as the one on the previous page for the theoretical energy release values. However, I will expect my results to show a lower level of energy release because not all of the energy will go into heating the water. Some of the heat will be lost by being blown away and some energy will take the form of light. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. How high do I place the calorimeter above the burner? I found that a decent sized flame was 4cm and therefore I clamped the calorimeter 7cm above the top of the burner. This allowed for the flame to burn freely without the bottom of the calorimeter interfering with the combustion and making it unfair. How large should the flame be? Although the size of the flame will not effct the results diretly because the rate at which the alcohol burns is irrelevant due to the fat that the change in mass is also measured. However, the size of the flame can make the results inaccurate in other ways. I found that the small flames flickered to much and did not produce a constant enough source of heat. However, I also found that the large flames were blown around a lot by the slightest of drafts and therefore the heat was not always being transferred into the calorimeter. I decided that 4cm was a good height to use as it was not affected by the drafts too much and did not flicker.   How much water do I fill the calorimeter with? The amount of water in the calorimeter needs to be a sensible amount as too much will not heat up enough to be recorded accurately and too little will heat up so much it boils and the results are useless. Therefore I decided to use 70cmi (70g) of distilled water as it was heated up enough to be recorded acuratly but did not boil.   How often do I stir the calorimeter? The calorimeter needs to be stirred so that the water is moved around and uniform heating occurs. Uniform heating means that all the water is the same temperature and not just the bottom of the water is heated. Uniform heating make results more accurate. I decided to plunge the stirring wire down and up once every 5 seconds in order to mix the water.   How long do I heat the calorimeter for?

Essay on Siemens CSR

Essay on Siemens CSR Essay on Siemens CSR Sample essay on Siemens CSR: Siemens is an international company that deals with electronics. Over the years, the company has stood for technical achievements, quality, reliability and innovation. Siemens is the leading provider of technologies that are eco-friendly. In terms of energy efficiency, healthcare that is personalized and industrial productivity, Siemens is the pioneer. What Siemens can leverage Siemens can employ several strategies in order to leverage. The strategies will lead to long term growth of the company. One of such strategies is sustainability which means that the company will act responsibly in order to cater for future generations. The main aim of sustainability is to achieve social, economic and environmental progress (Voien 205) To achieve efficiency, Siemens is providing products that are innovative in the area of environment. The company is also aimed at providing solutions that will improve the Eco balance of its customers and that of itself. When it comesto business, the company mainly focuses on the creation of long term values. The company also fosters its employees so that they can be good citizens in the areas where the company operates. By implementing CSR, the company focuses on such issues as Innovation, human rights, diversity, employee qualifications and sustainability in the supply chain. All the members of the company contribute to sustainability of the company by carrying corporate functions such as those related to health, environment and safety. In order to be strategic in the market, Siemens can employ some strategic methods. First, it can expand its environment portfolio in order to increase its target and generate more revenue. The company can also come up with solutions that will assist in reducing greenhouse emissions by advancing green innovations. The other key strategy would be the involvement of stakeholders. This can be done by exchange of ideas by increasingly collaborating with organizations which will help them improve their sustainability. It is also crucial for the company to improve dialogue with stakeholders. Another strategy that the company can adopt is innovativeness (Voien 208). This can be achieved by unleashing creativity, potential and energy of their employees. The company should also strive to measure the success of their strategies by basing them on the feedback they get from their customers. The company should on a continuing basis update their portfolio with an aim to providing solutions to challenges that the society is facing. This will enable the company to provide sustainable values. With an aim to engage employees, the company can employ modern modes of social media such as Facebook and twitter. Such platforms for communication will enable the company to give employees a sense of freedom as they adopt modern modes of interaction and communication. Use of Microsoft technology will also enable the company to engage employees in the activities of the company. Siemens should also encourage democratic participation of employees in the activities of the company (Voien 218). This will enable the employees have a feeling of ownership of community programs and eventually efficiency will be improved in the long run. Panasonic Corporation has extensively used social media in marketing which is a shift from odd marketing strategies and leveraged on Facebook and LinkedIn company pages. Such pages are being used regularly for press release providing customers with an interactive community page for interaction. Panasonic Corporation tweets usually pop-up with messages proving customers with latest booths to visits, at the same time providing customers and the corporation with a platform to share their views and opinions on the company products. In conclusion, the CSR issues of Siemens are critical for the success and sustainability of the company. Customers of the company should be engaged so that they can give feedback on the products and services of the company. Our custom essay writing service can write a non-plagiarized essay, term paper or research paper on Siemens for you. Order custom papers written from scratch!

Five Words in English and in Corporate-speak

Five Words in English and in Corporate-speak Five Words in English and in Corporate-speak Five Words in English and in Corporate-speak By Maeve Maddox Corporate-speak takes many forms, but especially mysterious is the practice of taking a familiar English word commonly understood to have one meaning and using it with a less familiar meaning. Here are five examples. 1. actionable common meaning: â€Å"giving cause for legal action.† Example: Disrespect in the workplace may constitute actionable behavior. corporate usage: able to be acted upon or put into practice. Example: From Apple to the Toastmasters, the world’s most successful organizations demand that attendees leave meetings with actionable tasks. 2. ecosystem common meaning: A biological system composed of all the organisms found in a particular physical environment, interacting with it and with each other. Example: Sockeye salmon vs. Pebble Mine: Protecting a fragile ecosystem in Alaska from destruction. corporate usage: a complex system resembling a biological ecosystem. Example: For me, a successful Entrepreneurial Ecosystem is a space run by people with very entrepreneurial minds. Ecosystems are self-supporting, energetic environments that attract, nurture, move on and reward different stakeholders.   3. granular common meaning: Consisting of grains or granules; existing in the condition of grains or granules. (granule: A small grain; a small compact particle; a pellet.) Example: â€Å"Sandpaper† is material upon which a granular layer of some abrasive has been fixed by means of an adhesive. corporate usage: attending to or explaining the fine details of a topic. Example: The CEO and CFO see the bottom line of the cost of your department more clearly than they see the success of individual projects. Theyre not idiots. They can get granular if they have to, but what they really want to know is if the total cost of IT is worth the output. 4. socialize common meaning: to civilize, to make suitable for society. Example: Pet owners socialize their puppies by taking them into different situations. corporate usage: to let people know about something. Examples: 1. Employees will form beliefs based on what they experience before and after you widely socialize the new purpose and those beliefs will drive their actions. 2. When a good idea hits, find the fastest, cheapest way to get something that will demonstrate and socialize the idea to at least some segment of the target marked.   5. surface common meaning: intransitive verb meaning to come to the surface, especially, to rise to the surface of water. Figuratively, â€Å"to surface† means to come to public attention after a period of obscurity or concealment. Examples: 1. Sometimes we saw the whale and the dolphins surface at the same time. 2. Fear of the truths that might surface about ourselves corporate usage: transitive verb meaning â€Å"to raise.† Example: Plan on meeting regularly so that team members stay informed and any issues you surface are resolved in a timely manner. All occupations develop specialized terminology that serves a practical purpose. For example, terms like banner, head, and gutter provide useful shorthand in the context of running a newspaper. Used in an occupational context, the words’ other meanings do not impede communication. Wrenching the meanings of words like socialize and surface however, has the effect of muddying communication. Speakers who wish to be understood by the largest number of listeners will do well to avoid such meaningless cant in their business meetings and correspondence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Capitalization Rules for the Names of GamesHow to Style Legislative Terms

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 102

Discussion - Assignment Example Critical thinking is very important especially in academics. It develops the creation of ideas, building of principles and formulation of theories. Critical thinking enables students to determine the credibility of hypothesis and experimental results. Critical thinking enables one to collect information, sum them up, select the preferred theories and arguments and be able to justify the conclusion taken. Bifocals are glasses with two different prescriptions ground into each lens, making it possible to focus at two different distances from the wearer. In this case bifocal is the term. The definition serves its main purpose by explaining what the term means. The definition given here is a lexical definition; they tell us what the word ordinarily means. (Parker & Richard, 2014). This is an analytical definition. It explains the features that a thing must have in order for the term being described may fit its description. Seventy percent of all freshmen at State College come from wealthy families; therefore, probably about the same percentage of all students at State College come from wealthy families. The premise is 70 percent of the freshmen at State College come from wealthy families. The Conclusion is most of the students in State College come from wealthy families. This argument is valid, because it guarantees its conclusion

Identify Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Identify Law - Research Paper Example Of great importance in this study are the states of Washington and New York. The Cellphone and Texting Law is not applicable in the following states; Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and South Dakota. Of great significance in this study will the states of Hawaii and Nevada. The Cellphone and Texting Law is found in the states of Washington and New York; the law is not found in the states of Hawaii and Nevada (Highway Safety Research & Communications, 2011). The state of Washington has two driving laws that are associated with the use of cell phone; these laws began in 2008. The first law EHB 1214 took effect on the same year 2008 and the law has banned text messaging and it has been made a traffic infraction. The ordinance is not on the hands-free but a text messaging total ban. The law has some exceptions and in particular during the emergency situations (DrivingLaws.org, 2011). The second law in regard to the Washington State driving law went into effect in 2008; the law (ESSB 5037) is on the hands free law. The hands free cell phone law forbids the utilization of a wireless device like a cell phone on the ear while driving. The law allows an individual to use the cellphone if the communication is made through a hands free device like a wired headset or a Bluetooth headset (DrivingLaws.org, 2011). The hands free driving law in New York was approved in the year 2001. Ever since the law was passed the New York Police department passed almost 300,000 within the first three years, mostly for those who were violating the first hands free driving law. The law which was effective from November 1st, 2009 prohibited people from texting while driving in the New York (DrivingLaws.org, 2011). The law bans the drivers from using moveable electronic devices (they include blackberries, laptops and cell phones) and any other types of

Essay --

In today’s business setting, having an edge against rival companies can make or break you. Loyalty is that edge that will have your company profiting and the customers returning. Frederick Reichheld’s theory, The Loyalty Effect, is one of the most useful and needed business strategies. Without loyal employees within a company, your company is destined to fail. I consider myself a very loyal person, not only at my job, but in all aspects of life. I am a manager at Maui Nix Surf Shop and every part of the job is based on loyalty such as opening the store on time, cash deposits, or staying on task with overseeing the store. I plan on becoming a computer engineer and hopefully working for a company like Google or Apple. I love their business strategy and how they allow â€Å"free time† in the workplace. Loyalty is not just given from the employees to the company, the company must also treat the employees fairly and well enough that they want to perform above and bey ond of what is expected from them. Frederick Reichheld is a business theorist and a director at Bain & Company. In the mid-1980’s, a group of colleagues including Frederick Reichheld were struggling with growth-and–profit riddles. The usual factors were failing to explain the results shown in the graphs. They noticed that firms that had superior levels of customer loyalty also had consistently higher profits. This is where Frederick Reichheld developed The Loyalty Effect. On average, U.S. corporations lose half of their customers in five years, half of their employees in four years, and half of their investors in less than one year (Reichheld). By having loyal employees and loyal investors, you can make more efficient decisions with people you know, in turn, making your company... ...use of the face-to-face contact I will have with the customers. According to Entrepreneur.com, keeping it personal with the customers and remembering special occasions are key to building customer loyalty. Frederick Reichheld’s theory of The Loyalty Effect has taught me essential strategies to become a profitable and successful business. Loyal investors, owners, customers, and employees all come together to make a loyal, successful business. As a computer engineer, I would be a loyal employee to help my company move forward and progress. Working in the cafà ©, I would be on the owner level and have to treat my employees and customers with fairness and respect. Without the loyal returning customers, my business would most certainly fail. Whether I am working as a computer engineer or owning a cafà ©, Reichheld’s theory of loyalty will help an all aspects of either job.

Emirates Airlines Essay

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim It is vital to review the progress of business, particularly in a circumstance of rapidly changing contexts. In this regard, there are core attempts that International management needs to do in reviewing business performance. In order to respond to change effectively, the company must access its efficiency in current development direction. They need to identify their competitive advantages, position themselves and find out how competitive they are in the marketplace. As a result, management must redefine their business goals and set new strategic objectives to sustain as a Global leader in a dynamic environment. 1.2 Scope This report uses, The Emergence & Rise and Rise of Emirates Airline As a Global airline using the Emirates Airline case study. 1.3 Company Background Emirates started in 1980s as a small corporation but with big dream. In the start they reduced their services to Dubai. Emirate’s is a government own company and started off with the capital of $10 million; they started off with two planes both of them were leased from Pakistan international Airlines. It was established after Gulf Air, a regional airline then owned by Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Tim Clark, the  president of emirates, says that his airline represents the future of mass air travel. In the time economic downfall when all companies were struggling to sustain themselves, even at that time Emirates was well enough to attract customer, raised fares and consistently turned a profits. Emirates earned $925 million his last six months, which was raised up from $205 million in the previous year. To attract and sustain their customer they have put glamour in their planes, notable innovations included the introduction of in-flight personal video sys tems for passengers in all classes, telecommunications in all three classes and an in-flight fax facility. Emirates also acquired an exclusive-use terminal In Dubai airport. From its humblest startup, Emirates flew its first routes out of Dubai with just two aircraft—a leased Boeing 737 and Airbus 300 B4 in 1985 (Stanik, Smith, Erakovic, 2007). Emirates pursues its focused differentiation in a legacy airline of luxury, hi-tech, excellent quality. It has been successful and is now the Gulf’s largest carrier, one of the world’s five best airlines, and expects to become the world’s largest airline by 2015 (Hugh, 2007). Emirates one of the leading airline of the world having 15 A380s alone and expecting to add 75 more is the most successful airline. Has grown into the world’s largest airline by passenger miles flown. The reasons for its success are the competitive advantage of low cost and high quality enabled Emirates to become the leader. According to the competitors the success of Emirates is because of the support of the rulers of Dubai but Emirates do not accept this claim and they believe Emirates is a separate business unit. Until 2009 Dubai was the largest and most prosperous emirate under the UAE. However the financial crunch that led to Dubai’s bankruptcy and heavy debt has affected all nationally owned companies. The Emirates airline is no exception. However, the global economic recession has enormous impact on business. Obviously such an economic downturn affects business sustainability in several aspects such as market demand, customers’ changing preferences and behavior, financial deficits, internal resources etc. Economic recovery is uncertain. It is important that management is aware of the short-term effect and its potential medium impact on the business. Emirates must take its core competences, competitive advantages to overcome such a situation and map out strategic objectives to sustain as worlds best Global airline in the future. It has been affected nominally and a lot of  extra strategic implications were called for and like rest of Dubai, Emirates is riding this crunch. Emirates is still one of the most popular airlines in the world and it has bounced back strongly displaying strong profits The success story of Emirates Airline is a phenomenon in terms of stable growth, continuous innovation and significant global expansion. Emirates have drawn out worthy lessons to establish as a Global airline. This report will attempt to look at the competitive environment of Emirates and the macro-environmental factors affecting the airline industry. 2 Findings 2.1 Research Methodology A macro environment dissection has been spotted to audit different outside impacts on business and shed lights on future patterns that may influence the business. Dissection of Porter’s five powers will help comprehend industry rivalry and blueprint impacts on improvement of business sectors and business. Utilizing this model helps the organization manufacture a method to keep in front of these impacts. Further, the spotlight is on dissecting the earth. In inspecting the business execution and organization’s methods set up, key assets, a SWOT is fundamental. This is carried out in an exertion to assist vital administration survey how to gain by business qualities, minimize the impacts of shortcomings, benefit as much as possible from any open doors and lesson the effect of any dangers. Emirates are most likely not an ease aerial shuttle. Throughout its starting development stage, throughout the mid to late 1990’s, Emirates figured out how to secure an administration separation that was profoundly prevalent and is currently an industry standard. It was Emirates that began the utilization of an individual TV set fit behind the seat. This was popular to the point that it helped their deals massively and even gave them a solid brand picture of being individuals benevolent. Along these lines their methodology throughout that stage was to be buyer neighborly and to produce a decent brand picture. As Emirates developed, once their brand picture was secured and there was a solid Emirates vicinity in the business sector, the center of the system was to acquire piece of the overall industry at the cost of contenders. This was  to be fulfilled with most extreme scaling conceivable. This method was in fit with the necessities of the business as expressed above in the report. With the decrease in the premium travelers fragment and the proceeding with decrease circulating everywhere freight part in the current financial year, Emirates is currently starting to concentrate on the economy class travelers. This vital movement is sure and is in accordance with the current achievement considers in the business. A speedy take a gander at the movement volume of carriers is justified. As it can be inferred from the figures above, which are of 2009 travel statistics, low cost airlines like Ryan Air and EasyJet have managed to take a great chunk of passenger volume. Emirates is good compared to carriers in the Asia-Pacific and Middle Eastern region but its volume is still less than some of the Anglo-European carriers. 2.2 External Environment 2.2.1 Macro Environment Analysis 2.2.1.2 Economic forces For air transport industry, interest for travel depends gigantically on financial conditions. Pride, Elliot, Rundle-Thiele, Waller, Paladino & Ferrell, (2006, p. 61) battle that â€Å"current monetary conditions and changes in the economy have a wide effect on accomplishment of associations’ promoting methodologies†. Emirates developed and created its business in The United Arab Emirates, which has a solid economy (World Fact Book, 2009). The businesses where it chose to work in are additionally influential economies of stable development (Appendix 1 shows nation GDP). Unquestionably, stable monetary development is a springboard to accomplishment of a carrier’s improvement because of expanding request in air goes by high-pay individuals for business and relaxation. Emirates recorded an expand in traveller amounts of more than 15 for every penny yearly (Stanik, et al, 2007). Late financial downturn has critical effect on the business. Air travel request has fallen significantly. A few real aerial shuttles will cut  household and global limit further in 2009 because of a falloff of about 25 – 30% throughout the last quarter of 2008 (New York News, 2009). Bisignani (2009) contends that the state of the aerial shuttle industry today is troubling. Request has weakened considerably all the more quickly in the monetary lull. IATA, which speaks to 230 aerial shuttles including British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Emirates and United Airlines, likewise raised its gauge of universal air transport misfortunes in 2008 to $8.5 billion, from its past $8 billion evaluation, as indicated by Bisignani (2009). The business is in serious consideration (Roy Morgan, 2009). The test is the way to survive past the current emergence. 2.2.1.3 Political forces Air go between nations is by arranged understandings (Dervaes, 1998). Flying regulations between governments affect incredibly on the accomplishment of an aerial shuttle’s operations. Weismen (1990) concurs most governments have strict regulations on outside transporters to work certain courses in their nations of origin to ensure the national or assigned aerial shuttle. On account of Emirates Airlines, nonetheless, Dubai is an unprotected business. Its open skies approach helped Emirates to turn into a bearer that can contend with the world’s biggest aerial transports (Stanik et al, 2007). Emirates have developed in scale and stature not through protectionism yet through rivalry – rivalry with the continually developing number of global transporters that exploit Dubai’s open-skies approach (Stanik et al, 2007). Emirates has delighted in the profits of worldwide pieces of the pie from entering global ends, for example, America, New Zealand and Australia because of late concessions to full movement rights from the two legislatures (Stanik et al, 2007). Flying deregulation has helped carriers to create for open course entrance, passageway of air transporters, focused admissions, administration recurrence (Goetz and Sutton, 1997). Further liberalization in the business is unstoppably expanding. Thus, the playfield rivalry gets to be more exceptional. 2.2.1.4 Social and cultural Social and Cultural factors have impacts on improvement procedures. Both residential and global markets where Emirates works have society differences. Dubai, Australia, Canada, U.s.a and U.k are multi-social nations. Profits originate from a mixed bag of buyers’ patterns in agreement  to their qualities, mentality, training, religion and lifestyles. As a truth, stable incomers make occasions every year. An alternate sample shows, in U.s.a, seventy five percent of high-pay individuals take an air excursion every year (Hanlon, 1999). It is genuine in European nations where most individuals have a solid interest to go on yearly occasions. Emirates has focal points working in ends of the line where the pattern of air travel is socially enhanced.(stanik et al, 2007). Emirates has delighted in the profits of worldwide pieces of the overall industry from entering global goals, for example, America, New Zealand and Australia because of late concessions to full movement rights from the two administrations (Stanik et al, 2007). Avionics deregulation has supported aerial transports to produce for open course section, passageway of air bearers, focused tolls, administration recurrence (Goetz and Sutton, 1997). Further liberalization in the business is unstoppably expanding. Subsequently, the playfield rivalry gets to be more extreme. 2.2.1.5 Technological forces Most recent engineering is a win driver in air transport industry. The requirement for innovative advances to turn into the first mover in the business will make the focal point of picking up a greater amount of the lucrative business market (Oum, Park and Zhang, 1999). Emirates is completely mindful of this rule in maintained speculations in most recent engineering seeking after its separation in the 5-star standard carrier. Emirates’ present request book remains at 244 flying machines of the most up to date Boeing and Airbus, with an aggregate estimation of pretty nearly Us$60 billion. It is now the most youthful and will be a standout amongst the most present day armadas in overall business avionics (Emirates, n.d.). It means to be a pioneer in innovative advances, Emirates marked in-flight cell telephone scope concurrence with Aero Mobile, creating the utilization of cellular telephones locally available (M2 Communications Ltd., 2006). For a long time, Emirates has been honored various grants, for example, the world’s aerial shuttle of mechanical advances, Best Global Airline Website, Best in-flight Entertainment, Best IT designer in-flight excitement and so on. (Emirates, n.d). 2.2.1.6 Sustainability Emirates states that high fuel costs and expanding lack of regular assets are  confronting makers to make more diminutive, more eco-accommodating vehicles. Further, an unnatural weather change and environmental change have debased nature’s turf and the carrier business has been a component to a more quickly developing wellspring of nursery gas outflows (Emirates, 2008). For a long time, aerial shuttles have countered weight from tree huggers with disavowals and advertising about their green certifications (Emirates 2008). Lately, aerial transports are striving to create biofuel for their planes. It is high time that aerial shuttles need to enter a natural association with airplane developers for eco-accommodating airplanes, quieter takeoffs and landings, considerably lessening ecological effects. 2.2.1.7 Success 1. Minimal Differentiation in both administration and in operations 2. Positive connections and relationship managent with suppliers. 3. Very thoroughly out scale and Extent of operations.  4. Ensure marketing through word –of –mouth through excellent service 5. Utilise the best techniques to get a slight edge. 2.2.2 Industry Environment Analysis Porter’s Five Forces This will give a snapshot of the industry competition level (Thompson et al, 2007). 2.2.2.1Threat of new entrants: Emirates is most likely not a minimal effort carrier. Throughout its introductory development stage, throughout the mid to late 1990’s, Emirates figured out how to get an administration separation that was exceptionally prominent and is presently an industry standard. It was Emirates that began the utilization of an individual TV set fit behind the seat. This was popular to the point that it helped their deals immensely and even gave them a solid brand picture of being individuals well disposed. In this way their procedure throughout that stage was to be buyer well disposed and to produce a decent brand picture. As Emirates developed, once their brand picture was secured and there was a solid Emirates vicinity in the business, the center of the methodology was  to get piece of the overall industry at the cost of contenders. This was to be finished with greatest scaling conceivable. This methodology was in fit with the prerequisites of the business as expressed above in the report. With the decrease in the premium travellers fragment and the proceeding with decrease circulating everywhere freight division in the current financial year, Emirates is currently starting to concentrate on the economy class travellers. This key movement is certain and is in accordance with the current achievement considers in the business. A fast take a gander at the activity volume of aerial shuttles is justified. 2.2.2.2 Rivalry among established companies: Emirates rival Air France-KLM and Lufthansa, the two biggest transporters in Europe; with Cathay Pacific in Asia Pacific locale; and with United Airlines in the Americas (Hoovers, 2008). These entrenched system transporters work inside the same objectives, for example, NZ, UK, Hong Kong and America. The opposition is forceful as the worldwide business is seeing boosting development of ease carriers (Hofmann, 2007). 2.2.2.3 Bargaining power of buyers: Rivalry between organizations is powerful. Emirates may confront a risk now and in future when clients these days have a capability to make requests on their items, in term of lower costs, higher administration or item quality. In this manner, Emirates is unrealistic to display high rates of turnover about whether because of value diminishing, and putting all the more in item development (Hill et al., 2007). Bargaining power of suppliers: Boeing and Airbus are the two overwhelming flying machine makers for the world’s carriers. Requests by all aerial shuttles for the most recent airplanes are put to both of them. As a vast purchaser, Emirates still need to face the risk of paying higher costs or even conveyance delays. In addition, Emirates depends such a great amount of on these suppliers as obliged items are separated while the suppliers have high mastery. 2.2.2.4 Substitute products: Most carriers offer results of comparative peculiarities: low value, great quality and fantastic administration. In the locale, for instance, other immediate substitute items to Emirates are Qantas, Cathay Pacific, and Singapore Airlines. In this manner, Emirates will encounter challenges when most players get aggressive enough to dispatch new items internationally. A case is Virgin Blue, which propelled V-Australia for Trans-Pacific administrations in 2008 (Virgin Blue, n.d). Clients profit from a more extensive decision at their results of less expensive cost yet higher quality. 2.2.2. 5 Strategic Groups There are obviously strategic groups existing in the industry in similar markets. Examples are named: Cathay Pacific, Qantas, Air France-KLM and Lufthansa. These major players offer similar products in terms of luxury passenger package, young flyers, in-flight entertainment etc. This signifies that Emirates is aggressively competing with others. 2.2.2.6 Key Success Factors Cost competitiveness: This is crucial for a capital-serious industry, for example, aerial transports (Oum, Yu, 1999). It is basic that great directors can run operation costs at least level to build most elevated benefits. To adjust absolute operation costs, the administration must take care of the issue on expense slicing in methodology to keep gainfulness (ANZ, 1990). Economies of Scale: Emirates is entrenched with solid system unions over worldwide ends. Then again, Emirates has persistently put resources into its armada and reveled in high productivity (allude to Appendix 3). This implies the organization can expand limit while still equipped to keep up altered expenses contrasted and different players. Emirates can have admittance to worldwide markets with more noteworthy topographical scope. Therefore, this makes a high obstruction to different contestants because of high expenses and extent of business. Brand loyalty and product quality: Emirates has built up its brand and image significantly within the last two decades. More customers have become loyal and chosen Emirates when travelling from the Middle East and Europe or NZ (Stanik et al, 2007) because of high quality, product innovation and excellent service. Appropriate strategy: Emirates are differentiated as a legacy airline where advanced technology, staff skills and ancillary services are the main drivers for success. Therefore, Emirates is aware of the need for continuous innovations, not only in fleet and staff expansion but also in premium services. Emirates has been renowned for technology development and skilled staff of multi-culture backgrounds (Stanik et al, 2007). 2.2.2.7Nature of customers and market segments Market segmentation has been obviously defined: legacy airlines, low-cost and budget airlines. As a luxury and legacy airline, Emirates has determined its focused differentiation, targeting at sophisticated customers and business travelers. As its logo says: â€Å"Step aboard an interactive tour of all the elements that make up the Emirates difference, on and off the ground†¦ excellent service, outstanding comfort and superior technology† (Emirates, n d.). Industry markets have become apparently segmented. Boosting budget airlines have attracted passengers and created higher competition when customers become more price-sensitive. This requires Emirates to re-consider strategic development direction. 2.3 Internal Analysis This section will explore Emirates’ key resources in an effort to identify its SWOT and outlines how the business’s value chain is structured; what strategies it has pursued and how competitive it is, compared to competitors. Strengths Advanced engineering and consistent development Developed base restrictive terminal, nearby air terminal ground administrations, lounges Large and young fleet Stable fund ability; Competence of strategic management, know-how Skilled staff of diverse cultures Brand loyalty and good will Absolute cost advantages: low home-base work expense fuel subsidies, free neighborhood taxes Economies of scale Scope of business, in term of established value chain Weaknesses Lack of nearby gifted work, just about depended on expats Finance intensely depended on oil send out, potentially bringing about budgetary deficiency when oil value drops. Cost-concentrated business due to highly diversified value chain Home government subsidies Local economy dependence. Opportunities Higher global market expansion and entrance due to expanding deregulation and liberalization Gaining promoting profits of large size and network spread when being of consolidation Reducing competition on duopolistic routes Possible entry into low cost market penetration due to absolute cost advantages and economies of scale Threats Low-cost revolution: more intense competition Unstoppable deregulation and liberalization Consolidation and concentration within alliances Fuel price fluctuation, Uncertain recovery of economic crisis Environmental constraints: climate change, global warming, shortage of resources, air pollution 2.3.1 Tangible resources In light of latest technology and excellent service strategies, Emirates is in the forefront of the industry, owning the most modern fleet of 113 aircrafts, global markets of 100 destinations in 62 countries, over 12,800  highly-skilled staff of more than 100 nationalities and significant market share (see Appendix 3). It is undeniable that these resources are vital to Emirates’ success. Emirates has highly developed infrastructure such as home-base airport, exclusive terminal, supporting services. Further, the company’s finance is highly stable. All of these contribute to competitive advantages over competitors. 2.3.2 Intangible values: Management’s competence Staff’s skills and know-how together with strong dedication are crucial to success (Stanik et al, 2007). These can be proved through how they survived and made profits after the 9/11 event which was a crisis in the industry while other airlines announced bankruptcy or losses. Emirates was cautious about not creating over-capacity and appropriate launch of new products when and where demand and profitability are high (Stanik et al, 2007). Emirates succeeded in expanding into NZ in 2003 when this new destination saw 29 international airlines offering services to the country. This know-how and core competences can not be copied. Thus, Emirates owns a great value of its goodwill, established throughout its life. Absolute cost advantages Emirates actually obtained advantages from Dubai’s ultra-efficient airport, tax-free environment and especially low-labor costs, less than 20 per cent of its total costs while competitors struggled with that up to 35 to 40 per cent (Stanik et al, 2007). Brand Image By establishing brand associations with high- profile international events through sponsorships. Currently, some prominent sponsorships are: FIFA World Cup, Rugby Union World Cup 2011, ICC World Cup 2011, Cricket Australia, Emirates Team New Zealand, 15 international golf tournaments, horse- racing events such as the Melbourne Cup, the Singapore Derby and the Dubai World Cup, car racing, tennis, arts, culture and AFL (Collingwood) Brand loyalty Emirates has built up its brand significantly within the last two decades. More customers have become loyal and chosen Emirates when travelling from the Middle East and Europe to New Zealand and Australia (Stanik et al, 2007) in terms of high product quality, product innovation and excellent service. Economies of Scale As outlined in ‘Key Success Factors’ 2.3.3 Established Value Chain Emirates is renowned for a huge range of properties, diversified business, contributing to its full operations. Most operations are owned and run by Emirates. Dubai International Airport has exclusive Emirates Terminal 3 (Emirates, n d.). Emirates adopts vertical integration into its core business structure, incorporating diversified properties. This resembles itself through manufacturing, marketing and technology. Emirates directly operates check-in, service desks, boarding and lounge services, baggage and handling and airport push-backs (Emirates, n d.). In addition, Emirates hotels & resorts; Emirates sky cargo; Emirates aviation college for pilot and staff training; Emirates engineering centre for repair, maintenance and training; Emirates catering, incorporate business support (Emirates, n d.). These activities make up smooth operations for the airline’s success. Obviously, Emirates has a great potential to create added value through vertical integration in the value chain, defined by Hill et al (2007). As stated, there are many Emirates-branded subsidiaries and partner companies that operate in conjunction with the business. On the basis of this assessment, Emirates outweighs competitive advantages over competitors, in terms of productivity, cost efficiency and entrepreneurial management. 2.3.4 Key strategies employed Reviewing the company’s business-level strategies, its focused differentiation as a 5-star standard airline, underlines product development in terms of luxury, excellent quality and service. Emirates has proven to be a successful company exploiting this market segment with high profitability. Considering its capabilities, competences, competitive advantages and economies of scale, Emirates has decided to expand global markets on its own. Explaining to the direction of not joining a major alliance, Maurice Flanagan, Vice-Chairman, answered the company had examined and could not see any business case for it (Stanik et al, 2007). Explicitly, this indicates how strategic the management are as they consider possible impact of entering major alliances with strong competitors of similar-level economies of scale, operating within the markets and channels. Taking into consideration that it is well-established and can compete with other major players with its own competitive advantages and core competences. Emirates avoids giving away its know-how, technology and other resource values to potential competitors (Hill, et al., 2007). This becomes an example of excellent strategic management. Emirates is in stable growth stage of the industry lifecycle. The company’s strategies have been appropriate. Thus, Emirates grew at an average annual rate of 25% – one of the 20 biggest and the five most profitable airlines in the world in 2004 (Stanik et al, 2007). Appendix 3 shows revenues and profitability. 2.4 Organizational Culture at Emirates Culture is very important for emirates because emirates have employees with 32 different nationalities. It is a challenge for emirates as a company to manage this and it is a need to create a same and collaborative organizational culture. Emirates efforts for management to align and create a unified vision let alone culture, there was no unified identity and individuals were acting and reacting as individuals and hot as a cohesive force. Emirates needed a cohesive force that provided an exclusive type of service in line with the emirates philosophy, to complete their task to open its flagship property of hotels and resorts within a deadline. 3 Force Field Analysis Force Field Analysis Restraining Forces Driving Forces Restraining Forces 1. Different cultures 2. Different nationalities 3. Different backgrounds 4. Different experience and want to work 5. Work in a comfortable in which they are used to 6. Loss of status 7. Personal beliefs 8. People and Feelings Driving Forces 1. Desire to work well 2. Clear communications 3. Managers want a fully operational hotel in 4 weeks and will need to encourage 4. Persuade staff to change and develop new culture 5. Vision 6. Team work 7. Communication 8. Team work 9. Change management 10. Winning 4 Success of Emirates managing culture change Emirates use different methods and techniques for change are as follows: Culture Change Process By changing and keeping a culture use the DCP (Directive Communication Psychology) change in the organization 1. Top management committed to result without their egos. In that case management should show their commitment towards productivity 2. Try to discover different factors that are difficulty of the people, in addition to earn more money. Real issues noticeable for example impression the lack of respect between the managers and the subordinates. In addition many of them believed that their contribution was important but no body pay attention to their work. There was previously open policy from the senior management to resolve that type  of problems but nobody used it. Top management discussed that they can accepted and for immediate implementation of new programs. 3. Discover who has the positive and negative influence. In this case identified total number of positive and negative influencer. 4. Apply the DC Revolution strategy by separating the total into 2 groups. This method includes five 1 day experiential guidance, every by 1 day on spot apply and spreading of skill gained at the workshop. The process included the psychological tools on how individuals could attain their own personal emotional and life goals through their work and related their own victory as a purpose of successfully cooperating with others. In an experiential atmosphere, key influencers become alert of the effects they have had on their environment and how that has affected their lives and success. They take responsibility for their world and no longer charge others for their problems. 5. Tackle the emotional issues found in the innovation procedure this is done through creating Guiding principles that they take out from their communications with others in the organization. They expand into the delegates for the group. 6. Contain trainers on site to support in the distribution of information and put into practice into the work processes. Every key influencer works with 5 others to implement what they have find out and those 5 then work with 3 to 5 others. In core, the key influencers become the consultants and the trainers simply assist these â€Å"internal consultants† to be effective 7. Include a half-day show and appearance where the entire organization attends. The key influencers perform scenes from their work environment that all can relate to and how the difficulties are overcome with the new knowledge that everyone has attained through the program. Key influencers also present amend proposed by them and the other staff to senior management 8. Top management accepts the initiatives proposed, Because they have fallen within the guidelines that were preset by the top management in the discovery process step 2. To set this commitment, the revolutionaries prepare their Revolutionary statement of belief on a large board where everyone signs it including top management in the acceptance of the new  culture they have created 9. Grip revolutionary elections where the corporate revolutionaries choose a leader from their peers. The elections also include general and 2 reserves for each general. The purpose, to keep the revolt going by having a representative that actions the revolution initiatives and organizes the revolutionaries to implementation. They also are accountable to make sure that top management doesn’t get too â€Å"busy† in the short term to apply the guiding principles that will make the big difference in the long term. The revolution leaders are elected era and part of their accountable to maintain the honesty of the guiding principles across the organization. Consulsion 27 years after its start, Emirates has established itself as a pioneer in the airline industry and has set a benchmark for other airlines to follow.Connecting100 Destinations across 6 continents, it has emerged as one of the leading airlines in terms of fleet size, income, international passengers carried and quality of service in a relatively short span of time. With a fleet of 144 aircraft and 204 aircraft on order which include 90 Airbus A380 aircraft, Emirates has been one of the few bright spots for the sluggish aviation industry and seems well on course to achieve its aim of connecting any two destinations in the world with one stop at its hub in Dubai. When dubai`s flag carieer is born, the major airline serving Middle East cities, Dubai and other was Gulf Air, an airline which owns by the governments of Bahrain, Qutar,Abu Dhabi and Oman. However, In October 1985, Gulf Air reduced its flights to Dubai owing to the government’s Open Skies policy. Gulf Air feared that its flights to Dubai merely served as a regional feeder for bigger international airlines and the Government of Dubai refused to grant it protection from foreign competition. This step prompted the Dubai government to consider launching its own airline. Six months after a feasibility study was conducted, Emirates was officially launched. The airline started off with a fleet of 2 leased aircraft and an fledging capital of $10 million, which was not considered a significant capital to run an airline even back in 1985. The government also announced that the airline would not receive any further government funding. Few would  have given the airline a chance back in 1985. However, by 1988, Emirates had already added 12 destinations and was well on target to add many more. By the early 1990s, Emirates had established itself as one of the fastest growing airlines and was carrying over 2 million passengers annually, a figure that grew to 27.5 million in 2009. It had become increasingly evident that Emirates was a tremendous success story of the aviation industry. One factor that distinguishes Emirates from other airlines is its strong financial performance. It has registered a loss only once in its 27 year history. Despite significant expansion and investment in infrastructure, Emirates’ bottom line has been largely robust. Within 8 years of its launch, Emirates’ revenue stood at $500 million and by 1998, operating revenues had crossed the $1 billion mark. The airline announced a net profit of around AED 3.5 billion ($951.6 million) for the fiscal year 2009-2010. Despite significant economic hardships faced by the aviation industry at large, Emirates has proved to be highly profitable. Over the years, the airline has been able to build a strong brand and has developed a loyal customer base. A sizable chunk of its success can be attributed to the emergence of its hub city, Dubai as a global tourist and financial hub. As the number of tourists to the city has increased significantly over the past decade, a large number of them hav e preferred to travel by Emirates. The airline also offers attractive holiday packages and hotel stays at the Burj Khalifa to lure passengers. Emirates is often seen as a symbol of Dubai’s progress and this has also been acknowledged by Sheikh Ahmad bin Saeed Al Makhtoum, Chairman and Chief Executive of The Emirates Group, the parent company of the airline. In an interview with Gulf News, a Dubai newspaper, Sheikh Ahmad said, â€Å"Together with Dubai, Emirates has grown and prospered. Working in tandem, the city and the airline have defied expectations, building an international business and leisure destination, alongside a highly successful and profitable airline.† Emirates has also raised the bar for its competitors as far as quality of service is concerned. The airline is credited to be the first airline to introduce personal in-flight entertainment systems after it installed video systems for all seats in all classes in 1992. Emirates is also one of the few airlines that allows passengers to use cell phones to make in-flight calls. Emirates’ success also stems from its ability to offer a wide range of non-stop flights from  its hub in Dubai to destinations such as New York, Los Angeles, Sydney and Sao Paulo. Currently, it operates the most number of ultra-long-haul flights with seven flights. It also offers more seats on intercontinental routes than Air France and British Airways combined. This is a rather staggering statistic given that Emirates does not have a large home market compared to other European airlines. Another key feature of Emirates’ global presence is its continuous zeal to expand operations as adds more destinations to its already vast global network. The Airbus A380, the world’s largest passenger airplane, has been a focal point of this expansion strategy. Emirates has been the largest buyer of the A380. Its $11.5 billion order for 32 A380 aircraft at the 2010 Berlin Air Show which raised its total order for the aircraft to 90 is ample testimony of its expansion plans. In addition, it also placed a $9.1 billion order for 30 Boeing 777 aircraft, which can seat over 300 passengers, at the 2010 Farnborough Air Show. The airline sees international aviation being dominated by large aircraft in the future as passengers’ preferences become more inclined towards non-stop commercial flights. It thus aims to be equipped with the capacity to handle this demand well in advance. However, the path ahead for Emirates is not entirely turbulent-free. Competitors have become increasingly wary of the airline’s progress and have often accused it of benefitting from government subsidies, a claim that Emirates has constantly denied. This accusation has prompted the airline to publish audited financial statements on its website. International carriers argue that they are unable to compete with Emirates on a level playing field. European carriers, in particular, fear that Emirates’ penchant to connect cities with long-haul flights may reduce the importance of European hubs. Lufthansa has been lobbying the German government to restrict landing rights offered to Emirates. Similarly, Canada has also restricted the carrier’s landing rights in Toronto and has refused to approve flights to Vancouver. Meanwhile, Emirates has said that international fears are unfounded and considers these recent developments to be a ploy to hinder its growth and expansion. Given, the large number of orders placed with Airbus and Boeing, Emirates will not want to be left with excess capacity when the orders are fulfilled. 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